: A Potent Antioxidant Against Organ Toxicity by Effect on the NF-κB Pathway.

Acetaminophen (APAP) is a well-known drug that, in high doses, induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. This study has investigated the preventive effect of the extract and fractions of on APAP-induced liver and kidney damage. In this experiment, after analysis of the extract using FTIR, toxicity was induced by APAP on the 7th day.

Role of GABA receptors of the dorsomedial periaqueductal grey on blood pressure and heart rate in the anesthetized rat.

The midbrain dorsomedial periaqueductal grey column (dmPAG) is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular responses. Due to the presence of Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in the dmPAG, this study aimed to investigate the role of GABA receptors in the dmPAG on cardiovascular parameters and its possible peripheral mechanisms. The left femoral artery was cannulated, and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded using a Power lab system.

Antihypertensive and Antioxidant Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Asafetida in Renovascular Hypertensive Rats.

Recently, the effect of an aqueous extract of asafetida on acute angiotensin II hypertensive rats was evaluated. The present study evaluated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of asafetida on a rat model of renovascular hypertension (RVH) using four groups. RVH was induced by clipping the renal artery; the sham group underwent surgery but without clipping.

Effect of the cholinergic system of the lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) on blood pressure and heart rate in normal and hydralazine hypotensive rats.

Objectives: Due to the presence of the cholinergic system in the lateral periaqueductal gray (lPAG) column, the cardiovascular effects of acetylcholine (ACH) and its receptors in normotensive and hydralazine (HYD) hypotensive rats in this area were evaluated.

Materials And Methods: After anesthesia, the femoral artery was cannulated and systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and also electrocardiogram for evaluation of low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) bands, important components of heart rate variability (HRV), were recorded. ACH, atropine (Atr, a muscarinic antagonist), and hexamethonium (Hex, an antagonist nicotinic) alone and together microinjected into lPAG, changes (Δ) of cardiovascular responses and normalized (n) LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio were analyzed.

Cardiovascular Effect of Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray During Lipopolysaccharide-induced Hypotension.

Introduction: The central mechanism related to the cardiovascular response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension is not entirely known, but it is suggested that numerous brain areas such as dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) are involved in this process. In the current work, the cardiovascular effect of the dPAG during LPS-induced hypotension is investigated.

Methods: The study animals (rats) were divided into four groups: control (saline microinjected into dPAG), lidocaine 2%, LPS (intravenously injected), and lidocaine + LPS.

The role of nitric oxide in the dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (dmPAG) column in cardiovascular responses in urethane-anesthetized male rats.

Background: The dorsomedial periaqueductal gray (dmPAG) is a mesencephalic area and has numerous functions including cardiovascular regulation. Because nitric oxide (NO) is present in the dmPAG, here we investigate, the probable cardiovascular effect of NO in the dmPAG.

Methods: Five groups (n = 6 for each group) were used as follows: (1) control; (2) L-NAME (N -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NO synthase inhibitor, 90 nmol); (3) L-arginine (L-Arg, a precursor for NO, 60 nmol); (4) Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor, 27 nmol); and (5) L-Arg + L-NAME.

Effect of the Non-N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor of the Glutamatergic System of the Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus on Cardiovascular Responses in Normotensive and Hydralazine-Induced Hypotensive Rats.

Background: Glutamate is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus. The cardiovascular effect of glutamate and its non-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the PPT is unknown; therefore, we evaluated glutamate and its non-NMDA receptor on cardiovascular parameters in normotensive and hypotensive induced by hydralazine (HLZ) in rat.

Materials And Methods: After anesthesia, the femoral artery was cannulated for recording of cardiovascular parameters.

The effects of curcumin in learning and memory impairment associated with hypothyroidism in juvenile rats: the role of nitric oxide, oxidative stress, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

The effect of curcumin (Cur) on cognitive impairment and the possible role of brain tissue oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were investigated in juvenile hypothyroid rats. The juvenile rats (21 days old) were allocated into the following groups: (1) control; (2) hypothyroid (0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in drinking water); (3-5) hypothyroid-Cur 50, 100, and 150, which in these groups 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg, Cur was orally administered by gavage during 6 weeks.

Effect of MK-801, an antagonist of NMDA receptor in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, on cardiovascular parameters in normotensive and hydralazine hypotensive rats.

Objectives: In the present study, the cardiovascular effects of glutamate NMDA receptor of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) in normotensive and hydralazine (HLZ) hypotensive rats were evaluated.

Materials And Methods: In the normotensive condition, MK-801(1 nmol; an NMDA receptor antagonist) and L-glutamate (L-Glu, 50 nmol an agonist) alone and together were microinjected into the nucleus using a stereotaxic device. In hypotensive condition, 2 min after induction of hypotension by HLZ (10 mg/kg, intravenous), drugs, same as in normotensive condition, were microinjected into the PPT.

Cardiovascular responses induced by the activation of muscarinic receptors of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats.

Background: The cardiovascular effects of nicotinic receptors of cholinergic system in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) were shown.

Objective: In the following, the cardiovascular effects of the muscarinic receptor, another receptor in this system, were examined.

Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups: 1) control; 2 and 3) Ach (acetylcholine, an agonist) 90 and 150 nmol; 4 and 5) Atr (atropine; a muscarinic antagonist) 3 and 9 nmol; 6) Atr 3 + Ach 150; 7) Atr 9 + Ach 150; and 8) Atr 3 + hexamethonium (Hexa; 300 nmol) + Ach 150.

The possible role of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) opioid receptors in the cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hemorrhagic hypotensive rats.

Background: The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) is involved in cardiovascular regulation. The presence of mu (μ) opioid receptors in the PPT nucleus has been determined. In the present study, the role of this nucleus in normotensive conditions and then the role of these receptors on cardiovascular function in hypotension induced by hemorrhage (HEM) were investigated.

The alteration of neuronal activities of the cuneiform nucleus in non-hypovolemic and hypovolemic hypotensive conditions.

Background: The cuneiform nucleus is located in the center of the circuit that mediates autonomic responses to stress. Hemorrhagic hypotension leads to chemoreceptor anoxia, which consequently results in the reduction of baroreceptor discharge and stimulation of the chemoreceptor.

Objective: Using the single-unit recording technique, the neuronal activities of the cuneiform nucleus were investigated in hypotensive states induced by hemorrhage and administration of an anti-hypertensive drug (hydralazine).

Effects of hydroalcoholic extract of saffron petal on blood pressure and heart rate in hypertension induced by angiotensin II and L-NAME in anesthetized rats.

The saffron petals are a by-product part of the saffron flower with a cardiovascular effect. This study evaluated the effect of the saffron petal on hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AII) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a NOS inhibitor). Rats were divided into 11 groups: 1) Control, 2) AII (50.

Role of the glutamatergic system of ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) in the cardiovascular responses in normal and hemorrhagic conditions in rats.

Objectives: Periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a mesencephalic area divided into four columns including ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). vlPAG plays a role in cardiovascular regulation during normal and hemorrhagic (Hem) conditions. Due to presence of glutamate in this area, we evaluated the effect of glutamatergic receptors of this area on cardiovascular activity in normotensive and hypovolemic Hem rats.

Antihypertensive Effects of Standardized Asafoetida: Effect on Hypertension Induced by Angiotensin II.

Background: Asafoetida is an oleo-gum-resin obtained from the rhizome of plant that its effects on hypertension have been reported. This study examines the effect of aqueous extract of asafoetida on the cardiovascular parameters in acute hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII).

Materials And Methods: Thirty-six male rats were divided into six groups including Group 1: control; Group 2: AngII (50 ng/kg, intravenous); Group 3: losartan (Los; 10 mg/kg, i.

trans-Anethole attenuated renal injury and reduced expressions of angiotensin II receptor (AT1R) and TGF-β in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Fibrosis is a pathological process in diabetic nephropathy that causes renal failure and dysfunction. Given the known anti-diabetic effects of trans-Anethole (TA), we aimed to investigate its renoprotective and anti-fibrotic effect alone and in combination with losartan in diabetic nephropathy. Male Wistar rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for diabetes induction.

A standardized extract of Ziziphus jujuba Mill protects against adriamycin-induced liver, heart, and brain toxicity: An oxidative stress and biochemical approach.

Due to the antioxidant effects of the Ziziphus jujuba Mill (Z. jujuba), we investigated the liver, heart, and brain-protective effects of this herb against toxicity induced by adriamycin (ADR). In this study, Wistar rats were divided into 1) control, 2) ADR and 3, 4, and 5) treated groups orally administrated three doses of Z.

Effect of opioid receptors of the cuneiform nucleus on cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hypotensive hemorrhagic rats.

The presence of opioid receptors in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), which is a mesencephalic area, and their involvement in the central cardiovascular responses have been shown. Therefore, this study is designed to examine the possible role of mu- (μ) and delta- (δ) opioid receptors in the CnF in the cardiovascular responses in normotensive and hemorrhagic hypotensive rats. Following anesthesia and the recording of the blood pressure, the agonist and antagonist of μ- (morphine and naloxone) and δ- (D-Pen 2, 5]-Enkephalin hydrate (DPDPE) and naltridole) receptors were microinjected into the CnF.

Determining the cardiovascular effects of nitric oxide in the dorsolateral Periaqueductal Gray (dlPAG) in anaesthetised rats.

Objective: The dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) is an area located in the brain stem that performs a host of functions including cardiovascular regulation. Owing to the presence of nitric oxide (NO) in this area, we investigated its effect on the cardiovascular system.

Methods: We divided rats into four groups: 1) control; 2) l-arginine (L-Arg, a precursor for nitric oxide, 60 nmol); 3) l-NAME (N omega-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 90 nmol); and 4) sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a nitric oxide donor, 27 nmol).

The Possible Regulatory Mechanisms of Aqueous, Ethyl Acetate and NHexane Fractions of the Ribes khorassanicum Extract on Acute Hypertension in Rats.

Objective: Our previous studies showed the antihypertensive effect of Ribes khorassanicum (R. khorassanicum), a medicinal herb growing in the North Khorasan Province of Iran. For further evaluation, the present study investigated the effect of n-hexane (HX), ethyl acetate (EA), and aqueous (AQ) fractions of hydroalcoholic R.

Effect of Standardized Hydroalcoholic Extract of Saffron Stamen on High Blood Pressure and Baroreflex Sensitivity in Anesthetized Rats.

Objective: The stamen is a byproduct of saffron (Crocus sativus) flowers. Herein, its cardiovascular effects were evaluated on hypertension induced by angiotensin II (AngII) and NG-nitro-Larginine methyl ester (L-NAME), as well as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS).

Methods: Rats were randomly divided into 10 groups: 1) control, 2) AngII (50 ng/kg, i.

Cardiovascular Effect of Cuneiform Nucleus During Hemorrhagic Hypotension.

Introduction: The underlying mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular response to Hemorrhage (HEM) is still unknown; however, several brain areas, such as the Cuneiform nucleus (CnF) have shown to be involved. In this study, the cardiovascular effect of the CnF during HEM was evaluated.

Methods: The animals were divided into the following groups: 1.

Involvement of the 5-HT receptor of the cuneiform nucleus in the regulation of cardiovascular responses during normal and hemorrhagic conditions.

Objectives: The 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT) receptor is one of the serotonin receptors in the brain, which regulates cardiovascular responses, especially in hemorrhage. Presence of this receptor in the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) has been shown. The present study evaluates the cardiovascular effect of this receptor of the CnF in normal and hypotensive hemorrhagic rats.

Effect of Aqueous and Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Mill Extract on Cardiovascular Responses in Hypertensive Rats.

Background: (ZJ) is a plant with anti-hypertensive property. In this regard, the present study investigated the effect of aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of ZJ extract on acute hypertension (HTN) induced by nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME).

Methods: The current study was carried on 49 hypertensive rats divided into seven groups, including i) control; ii) L-NAME (10 mg/kg); iii) sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (50 μg/kg) plus L-NAME; iv and v) aqueous fraction of ZJ (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) plus L-NAME; vi) and vii) ethyl acetate fractions of ZJ (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) plus L-NAME.

Protective Effects of Carvacrol on Brain Tissue Inflammation and Oxidative Stress as well as Learning and Memory in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Rats.

Inflammation can cause memory impairment. In the present study, the effect of carvacrol on brain tissue inflammation and oxidative stress as well as learning and memory in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged rats was evaluated. The animals were grouped and treated: (1) control which received vehicle instead of LPS and carvacrol, (2) LPS (1 mg/kg; i.