Differential Responses of Bilberry () Phenology and Density to a Changing Environment: A Study from Western Carpathians.

Environmental factors regulate the regeneration of mountain spruce forests, with drought, wind, and bark beetles causing the maximum damage. How these factors minimise spruce regeneration is still poorly understood. We conducted this study to investigate how the phenology and population dynamics of bilberry ( L.

Harnessing Phytohormones: Advancing Plant Growth and Defence Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture.

Phytohormones, pivotal regulators of plant growth and development, are increasingly recognized for their multifaceted roles in enhancing crop resilience against environmental stresses. In this review, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of current research on utilizing phytohormones to enhance crop productivity and fortify their defence mechanisms. Initially, we introduce the significance of phytohormones in orchestrating plant growth, followed by their potential utilization in bolstering crop defences against diverse environmental stressors.

Defense strategies and associated phytohormonal regulation in plants in response to chewing and sap-sucking insects.

Plants have evolved distinct defense strategies in response to a diverse range of chewing and sucking insect herbivory. While chewing insect herbivores, exemplified by caterpillars and beetles, cause visible tissue damage and induce jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated defense responses, sucking insects, such as aphids and whiteflies, delicately tap into the phloem sap and elicit salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense responses. This review aims to highlight the specificity of defense strategies in plants and associated underlying molecular mechanisms when challenged by herbivorous insects from different feeding guilds (i.

Silicon nanoparticles trace elements toxicity: and its omics bases.

Phytotoxicity of trace elements (commonly misunderstood as 'heavy metals') includes impairment of functional groups of enzymes, photo-assembly, redox homeostasis, and nutrient status in higher plants. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) can ameliorate trace element toxicity. We discuss SiNPs response against several essential (such as Cu, Ni, Mn, Mo, and Zn) and non-essential (including Cd, Pb, Hg, Al, Cr, Sb, Se, and As) trace elements.

Adaptive responses of nitric oxide (NO) and its intricate dialogue with phytohormones during salinity stress.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that acts as a messenger for various plant phenomena corresponding to photomorphogenesis, fertilisation, flowering, germination, growth, and productivity. Recent developments have suggested the critical role of NO in inducing adaptive responses in plants during salinity. NO minimises salinity-induced photosynthetic damage and improves plant-water relation, nutrient uptake, stomatal conductance, electron transport, and ROS and antioxidant metabolism.

Enhancing growth, vitality, and aromatic richness: unveiling the dual magic of silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in L.

, commonly known as "Holy basil," is renowned for its notable medicinal and aromatic attributes. Its unique fragrance attributes to specific volatile phytochemicals, primarily belonging to terpenoid and/or phenylpropanoid classes, found within their essential oils. The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in agriculture has attracted attention among plant researchers.

Leaf physiological and morphological constraints of water-use efficiency in C plants.

The increasing evaporative demand due to climate change will significantly affect the balance of carbon assimilation and water losses of plants worldwide. The development of crop varieties with improved water-use efficiency (WUE) will be critical for adapting agricultural strategies under predicted future climates. This review aims to summarize the most important leaf morpho-physiological constraints of WUE in C plants and identify gaps in knowledge.

Chitosan-induced biotic stress tolerance and crosstalk with phytohormones, antioxidants, and other signalling molecules.

Several polysaccharides augment plant growth and productivity and galvanise defence against pathogens. Such elicitors have ecological superiority over traditional growth regulators, considering their amplified biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, non-toxicity, ubiquity, and inexpensiveness. Chitosan is a chitin-derived polysaccharide that has recently been spotlighted among plant scientists.

Chitosan oligomers (COS) trigger a coordinated biochemical response of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) plants to palliate salinity-induced oxidative stress.

Plant susceptibility to salt depends on several factors from its genetic makeup to modifiable physiological and biochemical status. We used lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) plants as a relevant medicinal and aromatic cash crop to assess the potential benefits of chitosan oligomers (COS) on plant growth and essential oil productivity during salinity stress (160 and 240 mM NaCl). Five foliar sprays of 120 mg L of COS were applied weekly.

Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) restore photosynthesis and essential oil content by upgrading enzymatic antioxidant metabolism in lemongrass () under salt stress.

Lemongrass () has great relevance considering the substantial commercial potential of its essential oil. Nevertheless, the increasing soil salinity poses an imminent threat to lemongrass cultivation given its moderate salt-sensitivity. For this, we used silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) to stimulate salt tolerance in lemongrass considering SiNPs special relevance to stress settings.

Silicon nanoparticles in higher plants: Uptake, action, stress tolerance, and crosstalk with phytohormones, antioxidants, and other signalling molecules.

Silicon is absorbed as uncharged mono-silicic acid by plant roots through passive absorption of Lsi1, an influx transporter belonging to the aquaporin protein family. Lsi2 then actively effluxes silicon from root cells towards the xylem from where it is exported by Lsi6 for silicon distribution and accumulation to other parts. Recently, it was proposed that silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) might share a similar route for their uptake and transport.

Suffer or Survive: Decoding Salt-Sensitivity of Lemongrass and Its Implication on Essential Oil Productivity.

The cultivation of lemongrass () crop is dominated by its medicinal, food preservative, and cosmetic demands. The growing economy of the lemongrass market suggests the immense commercial potential of lemongrass and its essential oil. Nevertheless, the continuous increase of the saline regime threatens the growth and productivity of most of the plant life worldwide.

Lemongrass Essential Oil Components with Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities.

The prominent cultivation of lemongrass ( spp.) relies on the pharmacological incentives of its essential oil. Lemongrass essential oil (LEO) carries a significant amount of numerous bioactive compounds, such as citral (mixture of geranial and neral), isoneral, isogeranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, citronellal, citronellol, germacrene-D, and elemol, in addition to other bioactive compounds.

Drought: Sensing, signalling, effects and tolerance in higher plants.

Drought can be considered as a cocktail of multiple stressful conditions that contribute to osmotic and ionic imbalance in plants. Considering that water is vital for plant life, the very survival of the plant becomes questionable during drought conditions. Water deficit affects a wide spectrum of morpho-physiological phenomena restricting overall plant growth, development and productivity.

Salicylic acid-mediated alleviation of soil boron toxicity in Mentha arvensis and Cymbopogon flexuosus: Growth, antioxidant responses, essential oil contents and components.

Boron (B) toxicity is a notable abiotic hindrance that restricts crop productivity by disturbing several physiological and biochemical processes in plants. This study was aimed to elucidate the role of salicylic acid (SA) in conferring tolerance to B stress in Mentha arvensis and Cymbopogon flexuosus. Boron toxicity led to a considerable decrease in shoot height and root length, fresh and dry mass of shoot and root, and physiological and biochemical parameters.

Silicon nanoparticles elicit an increase in lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats) agronomic parameters with a higher essential oil yield.

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats) is an aromatic grass with great industrial potential. It is cultivated for its essential oil (EO) which has great economical value due to its numerous medicinal, cosmetic and culinary applications.

Impact of Long-Term Copper Exposure on Growth, Photosynthesis, Antioxidant Defence System and Artemisinin Biosynthesis in Soil-Grown Artemisia annua Genotypes.

The effects of copper (Cu) exposure on growth and physiological characteristics of three genotypes (CN-12, Cim-Sanjeevani and Cim-Arogya) of Artemisia annua L. were elucidated. The plants were grown under naturally illuminated greenhouse conditions and were harvested after physiological maturity (120 days after sowing).

Effect of elbow flection on grip strength in vertical and horizontal directions.

In this study the effect of elbow flexion with forward flexion of the upper arm and shoulder rotation on the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of grip strength was investigated. Two directions (vertical and horizontal), three positions (left side, central and right) and five elbow flexion angles were taken as independent variables. The analysis of variances (ANOVA) was performed on the data collected.