Promethazine hydrochloride reduces children's agitation during ocular examination for trauma.

Examination and intervention are always the causes of agitation, anxiety, and fear in children's lives. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of promethazine hydrochloride in reducing children's agitation during the ocular examination for trauma. In this interventional-clinical trial study, a total of 62 children referred to Al-Zahra Ophthalmology Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, were evaluated in two matched groups (case (n = 31) and control (n = 31)) for an initial examination of ocular trauma.

Association of and Gene Polymorphisms with Keratoconus in an Iranian Population.

Purpose: Keratoconus (KC) is a bilateral and noninflammatory disease, characterized by progressive thinning and anterior protrusion of the cornea and may result in severe visual impairment due to irregular astigmatism. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are the main group of enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix proteins including collagens; Type IV collagen is found in the corneal stroma. MMP enzymatic activity is inhibited by tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1).

The Study of Interleukin-17 Level in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Disease and its Relationship between Symptom and Sign Severity.

Introduction: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a bilateral multi-factorial disease. The pathogenesis of this disease is not obviously determined, but the role of various inflammatory cytokines has been specified. This study has provided a comparison between the level of interleukin-17 (IL17) in the serum and tears of case and control groups, and also the relationship between the level of this interleukin with severity of signs and symptoms of the disease.

Evaluation of possible relationship between COL4A4 gene polymorphisms and risk of keratoconus.

Purpose: Keratoconus (KC) is a genetically heterogeneous corneal dystrophy with unknown etiology that causes loss of visual acuity. Evidence has shown that corneas from patients with KC contain reduced amounts of total collagen proteins, and collagen type IV has been suggested as a candidate gene in KC pathogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the possible associations between collagen type IV alpha-4 chain (COL4A4) polymorphisms (rs2229813 G/A, M1327V and rs2228555 A/G, V1516V) and susceptibility to KC.

Association of Lysyl oxidase (LOX) Polymorphisms with the Risk of Keratoconus in an Iranian Population.

Background: Keratoconus is a connective tissue-related eye disease with unknown etiology that causes the loss of visual acuity. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an amine oxidase that catalyzes the covalent cross-link of collagens and elastin in the extracellular environment, thus determining the mechanical properties of connective tissue. The current study aimed to investigate the possible associations between two LOX polymorphisms, rs1800449 and rs2288393, and susceptibility to keratoconus.