Advancing coastal resilience: Coastal vulnerability assessment using cutting-edge space geodetic and optical imaging techniques.

Space geodetic and optical imaging techniques are employed to assess the coastal vulnerability index (CVI) in order to adapt to the contemporary approach to coastal classification. Satellite altimeter, Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) and integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM (IMERG) were among the satellite data used. The variables were deemed adequate based on the spatiotemporal estimates, then were quantified through expert-weighted scores and integrated into a single index over the Terengganu coastal area.