Enhanced chemiluminescence determination of paracetamol.

Due to the severe consequences of potential overdoses of paracetamol (PCM) on the human body, the measurement of PCM in pharmaceutical and biological samples is essential. Therefore, a simple and rapid technique with a high detection limit and a wide linear range is presented here which plays a crucial role in detecting PCM's overdose leading to drug poisoning. This contribution illustrates a novel chemiluminescence (CL) system for the detection of PCM based on the chemiluminescence reaction between PCM and KMnO.

Determination of valproic acid in human plasma using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.

Objectives: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detector was developed for the determination of valproic acid (VPA) in human plasma.

Materials And Methods: Using a syringe, a mixture of suitable extraction solvent (40 µl chloroform) and disperser (1 ml acetone) was quickly added to 10 ml of diluted plasma sample containing VPA (pH, 1.0; concentration of NaCl, 4% (w/v)), resulting in a cloudy solution.

Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction combined with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography for improved determination of β-blockers in human urine.

A new micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed and validated for the analysis of carvedilol and propranolol in human urine samples. In this study, vortex-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (VALLE) coupled with field-amplified sample injection and sweeping was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in MEKC. After VALLE, the urine samples were analyzed by MEKC.

Determination of five antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.

A fast and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of five antiarrhythmic drugs (metoprolol, propranolol, carvedilol, diltiazem, and verapamil) in human plasma samples. It involves dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of the desired drugs from 660 µL plasma and separation using isocratic elution with UV detection at 200 nm. The complete separation of all analytes was achieved within 7 min.

Detection limit enhancement of antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma using capillary electrophoresis with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and field-amplified sample stacking method.

Background: A new capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with ultraviolet detection method has been developed and validated for the analysis of four antiarrhythmic drugs in human plasma samples.

Methods: In this study, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) was employed for biological samples clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in CZE.

Results: Under optimum DLLME-FASS-CZE conditions, enhancement factors were in the range of 157-314.

Determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in biological and pharmaceutical samples by a quantum dot-assisted chemiluminescence system using response-surface methodology.

A simple and highly sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method is reported for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NH). It was found that the weak CL from the reaction of luminol and KIO4 in an alkaline medium could be highly amplified by cysteine-capped cadmium telluride quantum dots (QDs) and the enhanced CL was effectively quenched by NH and this finding was utilized as a basis for the determination of NH. The QDs were synthesized in aqueous medium and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV-vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

Salt-assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking in CE for improved determination of beta blocker drugs in human urine.

Background: A simple and sensitive CE method was developed and validated for the analysis of some beta blockers in human urine.

Methods: In this study, salting-out assisted LLE combined with field-amplified sample stacking method was employed for biological sample clean-up and sensitivity enhancement in CE.

Results: Under the optimal conditions good linearity (r(2) ≥0.

Direct chemiluminescence of carbon dots induced by potassium ferricyanide and its analytical application.

The chemiluminescence (CL) of water-soluble fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots) induced by direct chemical oxidation was investigated. C-dots were prepared by solvothermal method and characterized by fluorescence spectra and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that K3Fe(CN)6 could directly oxidize C-dots to produce a relatively intense CL emission.

Permanganate-bromide-silver nanoparticles as a new chemiluminescence system and its application to captopril determination.

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) system based on the oxidation of bromide by permanganate in sulfuric acid medium is introduced. The enhancing effect of silver nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized by chemical reduction method, on this reaction was studied. It was demonstrated that spherical silver nanoparticles with average size of 18 nm had a most remarkable catalytic effect on this reaction.

Flow injection chemiluminescence determination of naphazoline hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals.

A simple and sensitive flow injection chemiluminescence (FI-CL) method was developed for the determination of naphazoline hydrochloride (NPZ). The method is based on the enhancing effect of NPZ on the weak CL signal from the reaction of KIO4 with H2 O2 . Experimental parameters that affected the CL signal, including the pH of the KIO4 solution, concentrations of KIO4 , H2 O2 and disodium-EDTA and flow rate were optimized.

Gold nanorods-enhanced rhodamine B-permanganate chemiluminescence and its analytical application.

A novel enhanced chemiluminescence system was developed by applying gold nanorods (Au NRs) as catalysts in rhodamine B-permanganate reaction. Au NRs with three different aspect ratios were synthesized by seed mediated growth method and characterized by UV-Vis spectra and transmission electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that Au NRs have much higher catalytic effect than spherical nanoparticles on rhodamine B-permanganate chemiluminescence reaction.

Direct chemiluminescence determination of penicillin G potassium and a chemometrical optimization approach.

A highly selective and simple chemiluminescence (CL) method for determination of penicillin G potassium (PGK) was developed. In the proposed method, CL was elicited from PGK upon its oxidation with H(2)O(2). The light emission was enhanced in the presence of N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB).

Oscillating chemiluminescence systems: state of the art.

Oscillating chemiluminescence (CL) was reported for the first time about 30 years ago. Since then several systems based on addition of a chemiluminescent reagent to a known oscillator system or based on the light emitting features of one component of the oscillating system, have been described. This information, scattered in the scientific literature, is compiled in the present paper.

Simple and rapid methods for the fabrication of polymeric and glass chips for using in analytical chemistry.

This paper describes simple and rapid methods for the fabrication of glass and polymeric chips for routine analytical applications. The methods are easily interfaced to the general laboratory environment and do not require special clean room facilities or expensive instruments. Glass microchips were fabricated by etching with HF solution.