The potential immunomodulatory effect of levamisole in humans and farm animals.

This study conducted a literature review to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of levamisole in both humans and farm animals. The following procedure was followed for database searching: PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. All research works were updated to September 2022.

Novel combination therapy for respiratory diseases of small ruminants: Field studies of over 10 years.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate a new drug combination for small ruminant respiratory diseases to find a better treatment protocol for the potential replacement of older methods.

Materials And Methods: A total of 6,886 animals received common respiratory disease therapies out of 15,845 animals that had respiratory disorders. The new combination therapy technique treated the remaining animals (8,968).

Exosome-mediated miR-200a delivery into TGF-β-treated AGS cells abolished epithelial-mesenchymal transition with normalization of ZEB1, vimentin and Snail1 expression.

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that can be derived from human cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The size of exosomes is at nano-scale range and owing to their biocompatibility and other characteristics, they have been promising candidates for delivery of bioactive compounds and genetic materials in disease therapy, especially cancer therapy. Gastric cancer (GC) is a leading cause of death among patients and this malignant disease affects gastrointestinal tract that its invasiveness and abnormal migration mediate poor prognosis of patients.

Hypothyroidism Evaluation after Radiotherapy of Breast and Supraclavicular in Patients with Breast Cancer.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the risk of hypothyroidism (HT) after radiotherapy (RT) of breast and supraclavicular in patients with breast cancer (BC).

Materials And Methods: In a historical cohort study, the records of all patients with BC who had been referred to the Mahdieh radiotherapy Center of Hamadan from 2017 to 2019 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, clinical information, previous and current used treatment methods (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy), number of RT sessions and doses, and HT (TSH >5 mIU/L) were extracted from the patient's documents.

Validation of an individualized home-made superficial brachytherapy mold applied for deep nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of brachytherapy (BT) customized mold [Condensation silicone elastomer (Protesil)] and its thickness on the dose distribution pattern of deep nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC).

Materials And Methods: Four blocks of mold material were constructed in 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm thickness and 100 × 100 mm area by a plastic cast. The high dose rate (HDR) plus treatment planning system (TPS) (Version 3, Eckert & Ziegler BEBIG Gmbh, Berlin, Germany) with a Co source (model: Co0.

3D in vivo dosimetry of HDR gynecological brachytherapy using micro silica bead TLDs.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of defining an in vivo dosimetry (IVD) protocol as a patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) using the bead thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) for point and 3D IVD during brachytherapy (BT) of gynecological (GYN) cancer using Co high-dose-rate (HDR) source.

Methods: The 3D in vivo absorbed dose verification within the rectum and bladder as organs-at-risk was performed by bead TLDs for 30 GYN cancer patients. For rectal wall dosimetry, 80 TLDs were placed in axial arrangements around a rectal tube covered with a layer of gel.

Molecular Landscape of LncRNAs in Prostate Cancer: A focus on pathways and therapeutic targets for intervention.

Background: One of the most malignant tumors in men is prostate cancer that is still incurable due to its heterogenous and progressive natures. Genetic and epigenetic changes play significant roles in its development. The RNA molecules with more than 200 nucleotides in length are known as lncRNAs and these epigenetic factors do not encode protein.

Noncoding RNAs and their therapeutics in paclitaxel chemotherapy: Mechanisms of initiation, progression, and drug sensitivity.

The identification of agents that can reverse drug resistance in cancer chemotherapy, and enhance the overall efficacy is of great interest. Paclitaxel (PTX) belongs to taxane family that exerts an antitumor effect by stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting cell cycle progression. However, PTX resistance often develops in tumors due to the overexpression of drug transporters and tumor-promoting pathways.

Resveratrol Augments Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Chemotherapy: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy.

Background: The treatment of cancer is a current challenge for public health, causing high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Doxorubicin (DOX) and cisplatin (CP) are two well-known chemotherapeutic agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat cancer patients. However, there are two problems associated with DOX and CP: drug resistance and adverse impact.

Molecular landscape of c-Myc signaling in prostate cancer: A roadmap to clinical translation.

The c-Myc signaling is a new emerging target in cancer therapy. Activation of c-Myc signaling leads to cancer growth and invasion in vitro and in vivo. The stability of c-Myc can also mediate drug resistance and radioresistance in cancers.

Targeting autophagy in prostate cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence for therapeutic response.

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and new estimates revealed prostate cancer as the leading cause of death in men in 2021. Therefore, new strategies are pertinent in the treatment of this malignant disease. Macroautophagy/autophagy is a "self-degradation" mechanism capable of facilitating the turnover of long-lived and toxic macromolecules and organelles.

The long and short non-coding RNAs modulating EZH2 signaling in cancer.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a large family of RNA molecules with no capability in encoding proteins. However, they participate in developmental and biological processes and their abnormal expression affects cancer progression. These RNA molecules can function as upstream mediators of different signaling pathways and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is among them.

Doxorubicin-loaded graphene oxide nanocomposites in cancer medicine: stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and suppressing resistance.

Introduction: The application of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer therapy has been limited due to its drug resistance and poor internalization. Graphene oxide (GO) nanostructures have the capacity for DOX delivery while promoting its cytotoxicity in cancer.

Areas Covered: The favorable characteristics of GO nanocomposites, preparation method, and application in cancer therapy are described.

Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications of Small Interfering RNAs (siRNA) and Co-Delivery Systems for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of death and is the fourth most malignant tumor in men. The epigenetic and genetic alterations appear to be responsible for development of PC. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a powerful genetic tool that can bind to its target and reduce expression level of a specific gene.

EZH2 as a new therapeutic target in brain tumors: Molecular landscape, therapeutic targeting and future prospects.

Brain tumors are responsible for high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The brain tumor treatment depends on identification of molecular pathways involved in progression and malignancy. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) has obtained much attention in recent years in field of cancer therapy due to its aberrant expression and capacity in modulating expression of genes by binding to their promoter and affecting methylation status.

Cervical cancer progression is regulated by SOX transcription factors: Revealing signaling networks and therapeutic strategies.

Cervical cancer is the fourth common gynecologic cancer and is considered as second leading cause of death among women. Various strategies are applied in treatment of cervical cancer including radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. However, cervical cancer cells demonstrate aggressive behavior in advanced phases, requiring novel strategies in their elimination.

Advances in understanding the role of P-gp in doxorubicin resistance: Molecular pathways, therapeutic strategies, and prospects.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux transporter that triggers doxorubicin (DOX) resistance. In this review, we highlight the molecular avenues regulating P-gp, such as Nrf2, HIF-1α, miRNAs, and long noncoding (lnc)RNAs, to reveal their participation in DOX resistance. These antitumor compounds and genetic tools synergistically reduce P-gp expression.

MicroRNAs regulating SOX2 in cancer progression and therapy response.

The proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of tumour cells are tightly regulated by interaction among various signalling networks. The microRNAs (miRNAs) can bind to 3'-UTR of mRNA and down-regulate expression of target gene. The miRNAs target various molecular pathways in regulating biological events such as apoptosis, differentiation, angiogenesis and migration.

Hyaluronic acid-based nanoplatforms for Doxorubicin: A review of stimuli-responsive carriers, co-delivery and resistance suppression.

An important motivation for the use of nanomaterials and nanoarchitectures in cancer therapy emanates from the widespread emergence of drug resistance. Although doxorubicin (DOX) induces cell cycle arrest and DNA damage by suppressing topoisomerase activity, resistance to DOX has severely restricted its anti-cancer potential. Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been extensively utilized for synthesizing nanoparticles as it interacts with CD44 expressed on the surface of cancer cells.

The involvement of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in doxorubicin resistance: Possible molecular targets.

Considering the fact that cancer cells can switch among various molecular pathways and mechanisms to ensure their progression, chemotherapy is no longer effective enough in cancer therapy. As an anti-tumor agent, doxorubicin (DOX) is derived from Streptomyces peucetius and can induce cytotoxicity by binding to topoisomerase enzymes to suppress DNA replication, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. However, efficacy of DOX in suppressing cancer progression is restricted by development of drug resistance.

DCLK1 Inhibition Sensitizes Colorectal Cancer Cells to Radiation Treatment.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent diagnosed cancers and a common cause of cancer-related mortality. Despite effective clinical responses, a large proportion of patients undergo resistance to radiation therapy. Therefore, the identification of efficient targeted therapy strategies would be beneficial to overcome cancer radioresistance.

Caffeic acid and its derivatives as potential modulators of oncogenic molecular pathways: New hope in the fight against cancer.

As a phenolic acid compound, caffeic acid (CA) can be isolated from different sources such as tea, wine and coffee. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is naturally occurring derivative of CA isolated from propolis. This medicinal plant is well-known due to its significant therapeutic impact including its effectiveness as hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-diabetic agent.

Investigation of Collapsed-cone Algorithm Accuracy in Small Fields and Heterogeneous Environments.

Background: The use of small fields has increased by the emergence of advanced radiotherapy. Dose calculations of these fields are complex and challenging for many reasons such as lack of electrical equilibrium even in homogeneous environments, and this complexity will increase in presence of heterogeneity. According to the importance of delivery the accurate prescription dose to the target volume in the patient's body, the dose calculation accuracy of used commercial algorithms in clinical treatment planning systems (TPS) should be evaluated.

Employing siRNA tool and its delivery platforms in suppressing cisplatin resistance: Approaching to a new era of cancer chemotherapy.

Although chemotherapy is a first option in treatment of cancer patients, drug resistance has led to its failure, requiring strategies to overcome it. Cancer cells are capable of switching among molecular pathways to ensure their proliferation and metastasis, leading to their resistance to chemotherapy. The molecular pathways and mechanisms that are responsible for cancer progression and growth, can be negatively affected for providing chemosensitivity.