Insight into small eyes: a practical description from phenotypes presentations to the management.

This narrative review aimed to have an algorithmic approach to microphthalmos by a systematic search. The definition can be related to a number of special phenotypes. In the more challenging cases of complex microphthalmos, relative anterior microphthalmos, and nanophthalmos, the surgeon can approach these cases more safely if they have a deep understanding of the anatomical variations and ideal formulae for intraocular lens computation and knows how to avoid intra- and post-operative complications.

Oral Contraceptive Steroids Promote Papillary Thyroid Cancer Metastasis by Targeting Angiogenesis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition.

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent type of endocrine malignancy with the highest incidence rate among women under 45 years old. Ethinylestradiol (EE) and levonorgestrel (LNG) are two steroid components of low-dose oral contraceptives used all over the world. In this study, we aimed to examine the possible effects of the combination of these two steroids on metastasis and angiogenic factors in BCPAP papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) cell line.

The perchloroethylene-induced toxicity in dry cleaning workers lymphocytes through induction of oxidative stress.

Evaluation of the compounds and metabolites, and studying their side effects in the workplace is essential. This study was designed to evaluate the exposure of dry  cleaning workers to perchloroethylene (PEC), and its liver and kidney damage, and oxidative stress in B-lymphocytes isolated from the workers. Blood samples were evaluated for liver (alanine transaminase [ALT] and aspartate transaminase [AST]) and kidney (BUN and creatinine) markers.

Catalyst Behavior Analyzed via General Regression Model with the Parameters Depending on a Covariate.

In this work, the catalytic activity of modified glassy carbon electrodes with Pd-LaNiFeO-chitosan as an anodic catalyst for the polymeric fuel cell was investigated with cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry techniques; and are the mass loading of noble metal and mixed oxide, respectively. For the first time, the statistical regression mixed models were used to compare the electrocatalytic ability of nanocomposites in a fuel cell. The nonlinear regression model of = ( , ( )) + ε was considered and simulated, where is a random variable, is a covariate value, ε is a normal random error variable, and θ is a P-dimensional vector of parameters of the mentioned model.

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in thyroid cancer: a comprehensive review.

The Metastatic progression of solid tumors, such as thyroid cancer is a complex process which involves various factors. Current understanding on the role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in thyroid carcinomas suggests that EMT is implicated in the progression from follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). According to the literature, the initiation of the EMT program in thyroid epithelial cells elevates the number of stem cells, which contribute to recurrent and metastatic diseases.

mutation screening in an Iranian Bietti crystalline dystrophy pedigree and evidence for clustering of mutations.

Purpose: To report the genetic analysis of an Iranian Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD)-affected family, and to review previously reported mutations in the gene and assess the distribution of affected amino acids in the encoded protein.

Methods: The eleven exons of were sequenced in the DNA of the proband of the Iranian BCD family. The putative disease-causing variation was screened in all affected and non-affected members.

Modeling a Telemedicine Screening Program for Diabetic Retinopathy in Iran and Implementing a Pilot Project in Tehran Suburb.

Purpose: To model a community-based telescreening program for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Iran and to implement a pilot project at the Iranian Diabetes Society (IDS) branch in a Tehran suburb.

Methods: In this mixed model study, a web application called the "Iranian Retinopathy Teleophthalmology Screening (IRTOS)" was launched. The educational course for DR screening was established for general practitioners (GPs).

The roles and role-players in thyroid cancer angiogenesis.

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine cancer worldwide. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of tumors. Over the past years, cancer research has focused on the ability of tumors to induce newly formed blood vessel, because tumor growth and the process of cancer metastasis mainly depends on angiogenesis.

Enhancement of Dissolution of Fenofibrate Using Complexation with Hydroxy Propyl β-Cyclodextrin.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to enhance the dissolution rate of fenofibrate using complexation with hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD).

Materials And Methods: The phase solubility behavior of fenofibrate was studied in various concentrations of (HPβCD) aq. solution at 37°C.

Intravitreal Injection of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents for Ocular Vascular Diseases: Clinical Practice Guideline.

Purpose: To provide the clinical recommendations for the administration of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs especially bavacizumab for ocular vascular diseases including diabetic macular edema, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, myopic choroidal neovascularization, retinal vein occlusion and central serous chorioretinopathy.

Methods: Twenty clinical questions were developed by the guideline technical committee. Relevant websites and databases were searched to find out the pertinent clinical practice guidelines to answer the questions.

Outcome of Macular Hole Surgery in Bietti Crystalline Dystrophy.

Purpose: To describe a 42-year-old man, a known case of Bietti crystalline dystrophy who underwent surgery for unilateral full thickness macular hole.

Case Report: Clinical features, color fundus photographs, and optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and electrooculography findings of the patient are reported. His visual acuity improved from counting fingers to 20/50 after pars plana deep vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling and gas injection.

Predictors and Outcomes of Vitrectomy and Silicone Oil Injection in Advanced Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: To evaluate visual and anatomical results and identify factors that influence vitrectomy and silicone oil (SO) injection outcomes in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Methods: This retrospective study included 236 eyes with PDR that were undergoing vitrectomy and SO injection with >3-month follow-up. The primary outcomes were final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal attachment rate.

Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Practice Guidelines: Customized for Iranian Population.

Purpose: To customize clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for management of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in the Iranian population.

Methods: Three DR CPGs (The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 2013, American Academy of Ophthalmology [Preferred Practice Pattern 2012], and Australian Diabetes Society 2008) were selected from the literature using the AGREE tool. Clinical questions were designed and summarized into four tables by the customization team.

Inhibitory effect of curcumin on angiogenesis in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model: An aortic ring assay.

Background: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has been associated with the inhibition of angiogenesis, as well as the prevention of cancers and inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of curcumin in suppressing angiogenesis in the cultured endothelial cells of rat aortic rings.

Methods: Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups each with a different treatment and cell culturing paradigm: controls cultured in the absence of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) (C), controls cultured in the presence of VEGF (C-V), controls treated with curcumin and then cultured in media lacking VEGF (C-TC), diabetics cultured in media supplemented with VEGF (D-V) and diabetics treated with curcumin and then cultured in media supplemented with VEGF (D-V-TC).

The Yazd Eye Study-a population-based survey of adults aged 40-80 years: rationale, study design and baseline population data.

Purpose: To describe the rationale, methodology and baseline data of the Yazd Eye Study, a study in the urban and rural areas of Yazd, a district in the center of Iran.

Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included adults aged 40-80 years from the non-institutionalized population of the Yazd district, in 2010-2011. Using multi-stage, systematic cluster random sampling and a probability proportional to size strategy, 58 clusters of 40 subjects were selected from 251 clusters in different enumeration areas.

Causes of visual impairment among patients referred to a visual rehabilitation clinic in Iran.

Purpose: Epidemiologic evaluation and investigating the causes of visual impairment in any society is a matter of concern and has a direct effect on the country's health care planning. In this study we describe causes of low vision and blindness in Iranian patients referred to rehabilitation clinics for taking vision aids.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, visual acuity was classified based on best-corrected visual acuity in the better eye according to the World Health Organization definition (blindness, visual acuity [VA] < 20 / 400; severe visual impairment, VA < 20 / 200-20 / 400; mild to moderate visual impairment, VA < 20 / 60-20 / 200).

Intravitreal bevacizumab vs. sham treatment in acute branch retinal vein occlusion with macular edema: results at 3 months (Report 1).

Background: The goal of this work is to compare the visual and anatomical (central macular thickness; CMT) outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections relative to sham treatment in eyes with acute (less than 3 months in duration) branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

Methods: In a double-masked randomized clinical trial (RCT), patients with acute BRVO were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: IVB (two injections of 1.25 mg IVB 6 weeks apart) or sham treatment.

Randomized trial of intravitreal clindamycin and dexamethasone versus pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and prednisolone in treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal injection of clindamycin and dexamethasone with classic treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis.

Design: Prospective, randomized single-masked clinical trial.

Participants: A total of 68 patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis were assigned randomly to 2 treatment groups: 34 in the intravitreal clindamycin plus dexamethasone (IVCD) group and 34 in the classic treatment (CT) group.

A generalization of Turnbull's estimator for nonparametric estimation of the conditional survival function with interval-censored data.

Simple nonparametric estimates of the conditional distribution of a response variable given a covariate are often useful for data exploration purposes or to help with the specification or validation of a parametric or semi-parametric regression model. In this paper we propose such an estimator in the case where the response variable is interval-censored and the covariate is continuous. Our approach consists in adding weights that depend on the covariate value in the self-consistency equation proposed by Turnbull (J R Stat Soc Ser B 38:290-295, 1976), which results in an estimator that is no more difficult to implement than Turnbull's estimator itself.

Effect of oral prednisolone on visual outcomes and complications after scleral buckling.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of oral prednisolone on visual outcomes and complications of scleral buckling (SB) in phakic eyes with acute rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods: In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients with acute RRD underwent SB. The treatment group received 1 mg/kg oral prednisolone for 10 days while the control group received placebo.

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Tehran province: a population-based study.

Background: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among Iranian patients with diabetes.

Design: population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: patients with diabetes aged 25 to 64 years in Tehran province, Iran.

Randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab alone or combined with triamcinolone versus macular photocoagulation in diabetic macular edema.

Purpose: To compare the results of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection alone or in combination with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVT) versus macular laser photocoagulation (MPC) as a primary treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME).

Design: Randomized 3-arm clinical trial.

Participants: A total of 150 eyes of 129 patients with clinically significant DME and no previous treatment.