A holistic approach for performance evaluation of wastewater treatment plants: integrating grey water footprint and life cycle impact assessment.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have positive and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) can provide a more holistic framework for performance evaluation than the conventional approach. This study added water footprint (WF) to LCIA and defined index for accounting for the damage ratio of carbon footprint (CF) to WF.

Iatrogenic L5 Nerve Injury Following Decortication of the Sacral Ala in Posterolateral Lumbosacral Fusion Surgery.

Study Design: Cadaver study.

Objectives: To investigate the risk of the L5 nerve injury following sacral ala decortication performed during lumbosacral posterolateral fusion surgery.

Methods: Fourteen fresh cadaver pelvises were dissected through an anterior approach and the L5 nerves on both sides were explored and macroscopically examined by direct observation.