Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. The natural history of COPD is punctuated by exacerbations, which have major short- and long-term implications on the patient and health care system. Evidence-based guidelines stipulate that early detection and prompt treatment of exacerbations are essential to ensure optimal outcomes and to reduce the burden of COPD.

Smoking Addiction and Strategies for Cessation.

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) worldwide. Smoking cessation is thus integral to the treatment of COPD. Nicotine addiction is a disease dependent on the complex interactions of neurotransmitter pathways, conditioned behaviors, environmental cues, genetic predisposition, and personal life circumstances, which render some more susceptible to tobacco abuse than others.

Diet-induced oxalate nephropathy.

Oxalate nephropathy is a rare condition and may be overlooked due to lack of recognition and understanding of triggers. An 81-year-old man was sent to nephrologist because of significantly increased creatinine (1.5-1.