Preparation and optimization of activated nano-carbon production using physical activation by water steam from agricultural wastes.

Production of activated nano-carbon from agricultural wastes was studied in this work. To obtain the optimum production conditions by a physical activation method, influence of temperature (850, 900, 950 and 1000 °C), activation residence time (30, 60 and 90 min), and mill rotation (200, 300 and 400 rpm) were investigated using three different raw materials including walnut, almond and pistachio shells. To prepare activated nano-carbon, all the samples were heated up to the final activation temperature under a continuous steam flow of 130 cm min, and at a heating rate of 3 °C min, and were held at the different activation temperatures for 30, 60 and 90 minutes.