Comparative assessment between chewing gum, bite wafers, and ibuprofen in pain control following separators placement among orthodontic patients.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of chewing gum and using bite wafers in reducing pain after the placement of separators in orthodontic patients and to compare that efficiency with ibuprofen use. Additionally, this study evaluated the effect of non-pharmacological pain control methods on the frequency of separators falling out.

Methods: The study sample comprised 105 female patients between 15 and 35 years of age.

Diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of clinical and environmental Salmonella enterica serovars in Western Saudi Arabia.

The diverse environmental distribution of Salmonella makes it a global source of human gastrointestinal infections. This study aimed to detect Salmonella spp. and explore their diversity and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical and environmental samples.

The effectiveness of water jet flossing and interdental flossing for oral hygiene in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: Orthodontic treatment presents challenges with plaque accumulation around brackets, archwires, and elastics, leading to retained plaque and gingival inflammation. Conventional toothbrushing may not be enough, requiring additional oral hygiene aids like interproximal brushes, dental flosses, and water flossers. Limited research exists on comparing water flossing and interdental flossing in orthodontic patients.

Utilization of dental care and dentate status in diabetic and nondiabetic patients across US states: An analysis using the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Objective: This study examines the differences, by state, in dental care utilization and tooth retention between adults with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual, state-based, random telephone survey of noninstitutionalized US civilian adults. The predictor variable was DM status.

Juvenile Dermatomyositis Presenting As Generalized Poikiloderma: A Case Report.

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder and is considered the most common form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. JDM primarily affects the skin and the skeletal muscles. Characteristic signs and symptoms include Gottron papules, heliotrope rash, calcinosis cutis, and symmetrical proximal muscle weakness.

Influence of gingival display on smile attractiveness assessed by Saudi Arabian laypersons and dental professionals.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of changes in the gingival display of the maxillary teeth on smile attractiveness assessed by Saudi Arabian dental professionals and laypeople. A total of 138 dental professional and 182 laypeople rated the attractiveness of male and female smiles in a computerized survey. A smiling photograph of a male and a female dental students were selected and digitally manipulated to create changes the amount of gingival display from 4 mm of gingival display to 4mm of gingival covered by the upper lip in 1 mm increments.

Consanguinity as a Risk Factor for Autism.

Purpose: Genetic and environmental risk factors associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) continue to be a focus of research worldwide. Consanguinity, the cultural practice of marrying within a family, is common in cultures and societies of the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Asia. Consanguinity has been investigated as a risk factor for ASD in a limited number of studies, with mixed results.

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Different Thermoplastic Orthodontic Retainer Materials after Thermoforming and Thermocycling.

While the durability of thermoplastic aligners has been the subject of numerous studies, the durability of thermoplastic retainers has received significantly less attention. Patients are often advised to wear their thermoplastic retainers indefinitely, so the durability of the materials used in their fabrication is crucial to determining whether they are worth the cost. Limited studies have evaluated the properties of thermoplastic retainer materials and the effects of thermocycling on their mechanical properties.

Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Factor-Encoding Genes, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Community-Associated Uropathogenic in Western Saudi Arabia.

To explore the prevalence of multidrug-resistant community-associated uropathogenic (UPEC) and their virulence factors in Western Saudi Arabia. A total of 1,000 urine samples were examined for the presence of by selective plating on MacConkey, CLED, and sheep blood agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using Vitek 2 Compact (MIC) and the disc diffusion method with Mueller-Hinton agar.

Diabetes mellitus and its association with dental caries, missing teeth and dental services utilization in the US adult population: Results from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the associations of self-reported diabetic status with clinically assessed dental end points, including teeth with untreated coronal and root caries, missing teeth, complete tooth retention, edentulism and routine dental services utilization among adults aged ≥20 years in the United States.

Methods: We pooled data from the 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative, cross-sectional, continuous survey of noninstitutionalized US population. The analysed data included all adult participants aged ≥20 years who completed the dental examination and reported their diabetic status.

Dental Magnification Loupes: An Update of the Evidence.

Aim: To overview dental magnification loupes and to present the updated scientific evidence supporting its use.

Background: The practice of dentistry places considerable stress on the operators' visual acuity and musculoskeletal system. The use of magnification loupes has spanned many decades with claims of supporting visual and postural capacities of dental professionals and enhancing diagnostic and procedural accuracy.

Occupational Stress among Orthodontists in Saudi Arabia.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify potential occupational stressors among orthodontists practicing in Saudi Arabia, and to evaluate their relationship to personal and professional characteristics.

Materials And Methods: Using a validated occupational stress assessment (OSA) questionnaire, demographic information and data pertaining to potential occupational stressors and professional characteristics of the participants were collected. The OSA questionnaire was adopted and modified based on Cooper classification of potential stressors.

Evaluation of the airway space changes after extraction of four second premolars and orthodontic space closure in adult female patients with bimaxillary protrusion - A retrospective study.

Background & Objectives: Previous studies have found that first premolar extractions during orthodontic treatment may alter the upper airway dimensions. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of second premolar extraction during orthodontic treatment on the dimensions of the upper airway in a sample of female adults.

Methods: Twenty-nine female adult patients with ages between 18 and 30 years old and incisor bimaxillary protrusion were included in this study.

Qualitative Evaluation of the Bracket-Adhesive-Enamel Junction of Metal Orthodontic Brackets: A Preliminary Report.

Objectives: The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to evaluate qualitatively the surface topography at the bracket-adhesive-enamel junction, bonded to the buccal and lingual surfaces of premolars with composite resin and resin-modified glass-ionomer orthodontic adhesives, using two methods of adhesive removal: a dental explorer and a micro brush.

Methods: Forty premolar surfaces were allocated to four groups of 10/ each, 20/buccal and 20/lingual surfaces. The brackets were bonded to the surface of the enamel and any extra adhesive was removed with a dental explorer or a micro brush.

Elementary school staff knowledge about management of traumatic dental injuries.

Aim: This study investigated the knowledge of elementary school staff regarding the management of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in children.

Methods: The present cross-sectional study analyzed data collected between September 2016 and April 2017. The sample consisted of 2,027 elementary school staff members in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Learning style preferences of dental students at a single institution in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, evaluated using the VARK questionnaire.

Background: Students differ in their preferred methods of acquiring, processing, and recalling new information. The aim of this study was to investigate the learning style preferences of undergraduate dental students and examine the influence of gender, Grade Point Average (GPA), and academic year levels on these preferences.

Methods: The Arabic version of the visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic (VARK) questionnaire was administered to 491 students from the first- to the fifth-year academic classes at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University.

IMPORTED MALARIA TO MAKKAH DISTRICT, SAUDI ARABIA: IS THERE ANY RISK OF LOCAL TRANSMISSION?

In Makkah, Saudi Arabia, there is an impending risk of imported malaria. This risk comes from the fact that millions of people, in majority from tropical and subtropical countries where malaria is endemic, visit the country to perform Hajj and Umrah every year. Moreover, millions of expatriates from endemic countries come to Makkah for work.

Microwave Irradiation Effect on the Dispersion and Thermal Stability of RGO Nanosheets within a Polystyrene Matrix.

Polystyrene-reduced graphene oxide (PSTY/RGO) composites were prepared via the bulk polymerization method using two different preparation techniques. The general approach is to use microwave irradiation (MWI) to enhance the exfoliation and the dispersion of RGO nanosheets within the PSTY matrix. In the first approach, a mixture of GO and styrene monomers (STY) were polymerized using a bulk polymerization method facilitated by microwave irradiation (MWI) to obtain R-(GO-PSTY) composites.

Synthesis and characterization of the in situ bulk polymerization of PMMA containing graphene sheets using microwave irradiation.

Polymethylmethacrylate-graphene (PMMA/RGO) nanocomposites were prepared via in situ bulk polymerization using two different preparation techniques. In the first approach, a mixture of graphite oxide (GO) and methylmethacrylate monomers (MMA) were polymerized using a bulk polymerization method with a free radical initiator. After the addition of the reducing agent hydrazine hydrate (HH), the product was reduced via microwave irradiation (MWI) to obtain R-(GO-PMMA) composites.

Trans/cis isomerization of [RuCl2(diphosphine)(diamine)] complexes: synthesis, X-ray structure and catalytic activity in hydrogenation.

The diamine (N-N) co-ligand 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine and 2,3-diaminophathalene react individually with [RuCl(2)(dppb)(2)(μ-dppb)] to afford complexes with kinetically stable trans-[Cl(2)Ru(dppb)(N-N)] as the favoured isomer. The thermodynamically stable cis-[Cl(2)Ru(dppb)(N-N)] isomer of complex 1 was formed from the trans-1 isomer. The trans to cis isomerization reaction was conducted in CHCl(3) at RT and monitored by (31)P{(1)H} NMR.

A novel X-linked disorder with developmental delay and autistic features.

Objective: Genomic duplications that lead to autism and other human diseases are interesting pathological lesions since the underlying mechanism almost certainly involves dosage sensitive genes. We aim to understand a novel genomic disorder with profound phenotypic consequences, most notably global developmental delay, autism, psychosis, and anorexia nervosa.

Methods: We evaluated the affected individuals, all maternally related, using childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and Vineland Adaptive scales, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) brain, electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), muscle biopsy, high-resolution molecular karyotype arrays, Giemsa banding (G-banding) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing, X-chromosome inactivation study, global gene expression analysis on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblasts, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Genomic and transcriptomic analyses distinguish classic Rett and Rett-like syndrome and reveals shared altered pathways.

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by derangements in nervous system especially in cognition and behavior. The present study aims to understand the molecular underpinnings of two subtypes of RTT, classic RTT and Rett-like, and to elucidate common pathways giving rise to common RTT phenotype using genomic and transcriptomic approaches. Mutation screening on selected nuclear genes revealed only MECP2 mutations in a subset of classic RTT patients.