Identifying technology innovations for marginalized smallholders-A conceptual approach.

This paper adds a contribution in the existing literature in terms of theoretical and conceptual background for the identification of idle potentials of marginal rural areas and people by means of technological and institutional innovations. The approach follows ex-ante assessment for identifying suitable technology and institutional innovations for marginalized smallholders in marginal areas-divided into three main parts (mapping, surveying and evaluating) and several steps. Finally, it contributes to the inclusion of marginalized smallholders by an improved way of understanding the interactions between technology needs, farming systems, ecological resources and poverty characteristics in the different segments of the poor, and to link these insights with productivity enhancing technologies.

Nutritional status of children <5 years of age who have a working mother: an epidemiological perspective of diarrhoeal children in urban Bangladesh.

Objective: The present analysis aimed to observe nutritional impacts among children <5 years of age by mother's engagement in paid employment.

Design: Between 1996 and 2012, 21 443 children <5 years of age with diarrhoea attended the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka Hospital. They were enrolled in the hospital-based Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System and their relevant information was extracted from the electronic database.

Diarrhoea and smoking: an analysis of decades of observational data from Bangladesh.

Background: Although cigarette smoking affects all biological systems of the human body including the gastrointestinal tract, there is a lack of evidence regarding its effect on the severity of diarrhoeal disease and whether a dose-response relationship exists. We therefore tested for the presence of specific causative pathogens for infectious diarrhoea, assessed the independent effect of smoking on its severity and tested whether any dose-response relationship existed while controlling for subjects' age, sociodemographic characteristics and presence of causative pathogens in an urban setting in Bangladesh.

Methods: A total of 20,757 patients aged 15 years and above with diarrhoea were enrolled into the Diarrhoeal Disease Surveillance System, managed by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, from 1993 to 2012.

Introgression of blast resistance genes into the elite rice variety MR263 through marker-assisted backcrossing.

Background: Blast caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is a significant disease threat to rice across the world and is especially prevalent in Malaysia. An elite, early-maturing, high-yielding Malaysian rice variety, MR263, is susceptible to blast and was used as the recurrent parent in this study. To improve MR263 disease resistance, the Pongsu Seribu 1 rice variety was used as donor of the blast resistance Pi-7(t), Pi-d(t)1 and Pir2-3(t) genes and qLN2 quantitative trait locus (QTL).

Changing childhood malnutrition in Bangladesh: trends over the last two decades in urban-rural differentials (1993-2012).

Objective: The present study determined trends in malnutrition among under-5 children in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.

Design: Surveillance.

Setting: The study was conducted in the urban Dhaka and the rural Matlab hospitals of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, where every fiftieth patient and all patients coming from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System were enrolled.

Urban-rural differentials in overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea in bangladesh.

Objective: The study aimed to determine urban and rural differences in overweight and obesity (OO) with diarrhea regarding subjects' sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility.

Methods: Relevant information from 2000 to 2011 were extracted from the data archive of the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System of urban Dhaka (1248, 4.5%) and rural Matlab (615, 3.

Gastroenteritis due to typhoidal Salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

Background: The study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of Typhoidal Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi) (TS) with diarrhea between urban and rural Bangladesh.

Methods: Relevant information of 77/25,767 (0.30%) and 290/17,622 (1.

Diarrhoea in slum children: observation from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Objectives: To determine and compare socio-demographic, nutritional and clinical characteristics of children under five with diarrhoea living in slums with those of children who do not live in slums of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Methods: From 1993 to 2012, a total of 28 948 under fives children with diarrhoea attended the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b. Data were extracted from the hospital-based Diarrhoea Disease Surveillance System, which comprised 17 548 under fives children from slum and non-slum areas of the city.

Mothers' perception and healthcare seeking behavior of pneumonia children in rural bangladesh.

We describe mothers' perception about signs and symptoms, causes of the illness, and healthcare seeking behaviors related to pneumonia and express the major modifiable barriers to seeking timely treatment when their under-5 children had pneumonia in rural Bangladesh. Using focus group discussion, we understood mothers' perception and healthcare seeking behavior of childhood pneumonia. Although mothers described pneumonia as a serious life threatening disease in young children but most of the mothers (n = 24) could not diagnose whether their child had pneumonia or not.

Long-term comparison of antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species between urban and rural Bangladesh.

From 2000 to 2012, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Shigella species isolates from urban Dhaka and rural Matlab were tested for resistance to all clinically relevant antibiotics in Bangladesh. Resistances in urban and rural Bangladesh tended to rise and fall together, especially a few years after the introduction of new resistance.

Characteristics of Multidrug Resistant Shigella and Vibrio cholerae O1 Infections in Patients Treated at an Urban and a Rural Hospital in Bangladesh.

We determined the frequency of multidrug resistant (MDR) infections with Shigella spp. and Vibrio cholerae O1 at an urban (Dhaka) and rural (Matlab) hospital in Bangladesh. We also compared sociodemographic and clinical features of patients with MDR infections to those with antibiotic-susceptible infections at both sites.

Clinical characteristics, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility among overweight and obese individuals with diarrhea: observed at a large diarrheal disease hospital, Bangladesh.

Background: The present study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and etiology of overweight and obese (OO) individuals with diarrhea attending an urban Dhaka Hospital, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research (icddr,b), Bangladesh.

Methods: Total of 508 under-5 children, 96 individuals of 5-19 years and 1331 of >19 years were identified as OO from the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System (DDSS) between 1993-2011. Two comparison groups such as well-nourished and malnourished individuals from respective age stratums were selected.

Evidence of sibling species between two host-associated populations of brown planthopper, N. lugens (stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidea) complex based on morphology and host-plant relationship studies.

Morphological and host-plant relationship studies were conducted to differentiate two sympatric populations of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, one from rice (Oryza sativa) and the other from Leersia hexandra, a weed grass. In morphometric studies based on esterase activities, an UPGMA dendrogram using 17 quantitative morphological characters, including stridulatory organs (courtship signal-producing organs) between two sympatric populations of N. lugens, one from rice and the other from L.

Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics of intestinal amebiasis with shigellosis among patients visiting a large urban diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

Between 1993 and 2011, a total of 371 intestinal amebiasis (IA), caused by Entamoeba histolytica cases were compared with 1,113 shigellosis (randomly selected) patients of icddr,b, excluding co-infections (rotavirus and Vibrio cholerae) in two age stratums: 0-14 years of age and ≥ 15 years of age. The number of IA and shigellosis cases gradually reduced over the study period. In multivariate analysis, individuals 0-14 years of age, slum dwellers (odds ratio [OR] 3.

Changing emergence of Shigella sero-groups in Bangladesh: observation from four different diarrheal disease hospitals.

Background: Shigellosis continues to be a public health challenge for developing countries, including Bangladesh. The aim of the study is to demonstrate recent changes in Shigella sero-groups and their geographical diversity.

Methods: Data were extracted from data archive of four diarrheal disease surveillance systems.

Health care-seeking behavior for childhood diarrhea in Mirzapur, rural Bangladesh.

We evaluated patterns of health care use for diarrhea among children 0-59 months of age residing in Mirzapur, Bangladesh, using a baseline survey conducted during May-June 2007 to inform the design of a planned diarrheal etiology case/control study. Caretakers of 7.4% of 1,128 children reported a diarrheal illness in the preceding 14 days; among 95 children with diarrhea, 24.

Characteristics of diarrheal illnesses in non-breast fed infants attending a large urban diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

Background: Lack of breast feeding is associated with higher morbidity and case-fatality from both bacterial and viral etiologic diarrheas. However, there is very limited data on the characteristics of non-breastfed infants attending hospital with diarrheal illnesses caused by common bacterial and viral pathogens. Our objective was to assess the impact of lack of breast feeding on diarrheal illnesses in infants living in urban Bangladesh.

Changing trend of persistent diarrhoea in young children over two decades: observations from a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

Aim:   We studied the changing trend and factors associated with persistent diarrhoea (PD) in under-five children presenting to a large diarrhoeal disease hospital in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh, over the last two decades.

Methods:   We used an unmatched case-control design, with a case (persistent diarrhoea; n=944) to control (acute diarrhoea; n=2832) ratio of 1:3 attending the Dhaka Hospital of icddr,b between 1991 and 2010.

Results:   The proportion of children with PD decreased significantly from 8% in 1991 to 1% in 2010.

Association between paternal smoking and nutritional status of under-five children attending Diarrhoeal Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Aim: The study aimed at determining whether there is an association between paternal smoking and nutritional status of children aged 0-59 months. Furthermore, the study looked at the presence of any nutritional differentials within different socio-economic groups.

Methods: Secondary analysis of data on children aged 0-59 months enrolled in the Hospital Surveillance System of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka Hospital, Bangladesh, during 1996-2006.

Characteristics of severely malnourished under-five children hospitalized with diarrhoea, and their policy implications.

Aim: Identify clinical and nutritional features, and complications among severely malnourished, under-five children in an urban diarrhoeal disease facility in Bangladesh.

Methods: For this case-control design, children of both sexes, aged 0-59 months were studied. Severely (< -3 z-score) underweight, stunted or wasted constituted cases and those with better nutritional status (z-score > or = -3) constituted controls.

Health and nutritional status of children of adolescent mothers: experience from a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh.

Aim: The study aimed at assessing clinical and nutritional features and socioeconomic characteristics of the first birth-order children (1-48 months) of adolescent mothers.

Methods: Five hundred and thirty-nine first birth-order children of both sexes, aged 1-48 month(s) were studied. All study children had adolescent mothers aged < or =19 years (when attending hospital), who attended (as a patient) the Dhaka hospital of ICDDR, B during 2000-2005.

Anthropometric characteristics of elderly people: observations at a large diarrheal hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

There is a lack of evidence-based information to assist health policy makers in preparing for appropriate health, nutrition, and social-support guidelines for the elderly in Bangladesh. We examined selected indicators of the nutritional status of elderly people attending the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The population constituted of 1,196 individuals (718 men and 478 women), aged 60 to 106 years, who attended the hospital between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003.

Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004.

We examined demographic, microbiologic, and clinical data from patients presenting during 1988, 1998, and 2004 flood-associated diarrheal epidemics at a diarrhea treatment hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Compared with non-flood periods, individuals presenting during flood-associated epidemics were older, more severely dehydrated, and of lower socioeconomic status. During flood-associated epidemics, Vibrio cholerae was the most commonly identified cause of diarrhea, and the only diarrheal pathogen whose incidence proportionally increased in each epidemic compared with seasonally matched periods.