Role of anti-diabetic drugs as therapeutic agents in Alzheimer's disease.

Recent data have suggested a strong possible link between Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease (AD), although exact mechanisms linking the two are still a matter of research and debate. Interestingly, both are diseases with high incidence and prevalence in later years of life. The link appears so strong that some scientists use Alzheimer's and Type 3 Diabetes interchangeably.

Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) on catalase, cytochrome P450 and nitric oxide synthase in erythro-leukemic cells.

Aims: Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are widely employed in electrical appliances and different equipment such as television sets, mobile phones, computers and microwaves. The molecular mechanism through which ELF-EMFs can influence cellular behavior is still unclear. A hypothesis is that ELF-EMFs could interfere with chemical reactions involving free radical production.

Application of Proteomic Tools in Modern Nanotechnological Approaches Towards Effective Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders.

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons leading to neuronal death, usually associated with ageing. Some of the common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Huntington's disease. Due to recent advancements in highthroughput technologies in various disciplines such as genomics, epigenomics, metabolomics and proteomics, there has been a great demand for detection of specific macromolecules such as hormones, drug residues, miRNA, DNA, antibodies, peptides, proteins, pathogens and xenobiotics at nano-level concentrations for in-depth understanding of disease mechanisms as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

Nanoparticle-Based Therapy in Genomics.

In the modern era, humankind is making daily progress through industrialization. As various types of diseases are prevailing worldwide, scientists are using many approaches to manage these diseases, such as gene therapy. A nanoparticle (NP)-based approach is an example of a modern method used to address several pathologies.

Genetic variability of Cotton leaf curl betasatellite in Northern India.

Cotton is an important crop and its production is affected by various disease pathogens. Monopartite begomovirus associated betasatellites cause Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) in Northern India. In order to access the occurrence and genetic variability of Cotton leaf curl betasatellites, an extensive field survey was conducted in states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.

A Synopsis of Nano-Technological Approaches Toward Anti-Epilepsy Therapy: Present and Future Research Implications.

Epilepsy is a non-communicable central nervous system disorder that affects over 60 million people worldwide. The developments in epilepsy treatment face major hurdles due to drug resistance and disease recurrence after reduction in medication. Nano-technological anti-epileptic drug (AED) delivery systems have recently garnered attention due to their ability to cross the blood brain barrier, improved selectivity and potential for sustained drug delivery to the brain.

Recent Developments in Nanomedicines for Management of Various Health Issues Via Metabolism and Physico-Chemical Properties.

During the last decade the nanotechnologists began research on applications of nanomaterials for medicine and therapeutics. Various nanoparticles (nanomedicines) are being used worldwide for the diagnosis and management in a number of disorders including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The successful non-viral gene therapy is now possible with the advancements in nanotechnology.

Role of Graphene Nano-Composites in Cancer Therapy: Theranostic Applications, Metabolic Fate and Toxicity Issues.

Graphene and its modified nano-composites have gained much attention in recent times in cancer therapy as nanotheranostics due to low production cost, ease in synthesis and physicochemical properties (ultra-large surface area with planar structure and π-π conjugation with the unsaturated and aromatic drugs/biomolecules) being favorable for multiple payloads and drug targeting. Yet, graphene nano-composites are a relatively new and rapid development. The adoption of graphene nano-composites in cancer nanobiomedicine research raises questions about in vivo metabolism and disposition as well as biological interaction and safety profile of these nano-particles.

Therapeutic Interventions for the Suppression of Alzheimer's Disease: Quest for a Remedy.

Protein aggregation is facilitated by the generation of partially folded intermediates that lack most of the tertiary interactions, but retain the complete secondary structure. These partially folded states cross-link each other to form protein aggregates. Protein aggregates in an advanced stage result in the formation of amyloid fibrils, which have high tensile strength.

Synopsis on the linkage of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease with chronic diseases.

Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of neuronal structure and function, which ultimately leads to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. Even after the recent significant advances in neurobiology, the above-mentioned disorders continue to haunt the global population. Several studies have suggested the role of specific environmental and genetic risk factors associated with these disorders.

Role of nanomedicines in delivery of anti-acetylcholinesterase compounds to the brain in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifarious progressive neuro-degenerative state among elders. Potentiation of central cholinergic activity by using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) is considered as one of the major pharmacological means for the management of AD. Investigation in the past and the rest decades revealed that many drugs with anti-AD activity, including the AChEI have been discovered from natural and synthetic origin but getting success in their brain delivery is still limited.

Identification of potent caspase-3 inhibitors for treatment of multi- neurodegenerative diseases using pharmacophore modeling and docking approaches.

Neurodegenerative disorders are due to excessive neuronal apoptosis and the caspase-3 plays a key role in the apoptotic pathway. The caspase-3 inhibition may be a validated therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders and an interesting target for molecular modeling studies using both Ligand and structure based approaches. In view of the above we have generated the Ligand based pharmacophore model using the Discovery studio 2.

Down regulated expression of Claudin-1 and Claudin-5 and up regulation of β-catenin: association with human glioma progression.

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common form of intracranial malignancy in humans, and is characterized by aggressive tumor growth, tissue invasion and neurodegenerative properties. The present study investigated the expression status of tight junction associated Claudin 1 (CLDN1), Claudin 5 (CLDN5) and Adheren junction associated β-catenin genes in the light of their critical role in the progression of both low- and high-grade human gliomas. Using quantitative PCR and Western blot methods the mRNA and protein status of CLDN1, CLDN5 and β-catenin genes were studied in a total of 25 human gliomas of World Health Organization (WHO) grades I-IV, non-cancerous control brain tissues and their corresponding model cell lines (C6, U373, U118, T98 and U87MG).

Effect of electromagnetic radiations on neurodegenerative diseases- technological revolution as a curse in disguise.

In the present developed world, all of us are flooded with electromagnetic radiations (EMR) emanating from generation and transmission of electricity, domestic appliances and industrial equipments, to telecommunications and broadcasting. We have been exposed to EMR for last many decades; however their recent steady increase from artificial sources has been reported as millions of antennas and satellites irradiate the global population round the clock, year round. Needless to say, these are so integral to modern life that interaction with them on a daily basis is seemingly inevitable; hence, the EMR exposure load has increased to a point where their health effects are becoming a major concern.

Gene expression analysis approach to establish possible links between Parkinson's disease, cancer and cardiovascular diseases.

Non-communicable chronic diseases have been apparently established as threat to human health, and are currently the world's main killer. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases are collectively amounting to more than 60% of non-communicable disease burden across world. Tremendous advancements in healthcare enabled us to fight several health problems primarily infectious diseases.

Status of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share the presence of systemic and neuro-inflammation, enhanced production and accumulation of β -amyloid peptide and abnormal levels of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Altered levels of AChE and BuChE both in AD as well as in T2DM imply that those two enzymes may be playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of the two disorders. AD and T2DM are both characterized by elevated levels of AChE and BuChE in the plasma.

Sub-chronic exposure of non-observable adverse effect dose of terbufos sulfone: neuroinflammation in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

Neuroinflammation (NI) contributes to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Epidemiological and a few animal studies have shown that chronic exposure of organophosphorus compounds (OPC) may cause neuronal injury and predispose to neuro- as well as psychotic disorders in conjunction with NI. However, in vivo studies are meager and do not represent the entire toxicologically diversified OPC.

Implication of gut microbiota in human health.

Gut-microbiota (GM) is considered a hidden metabolic organ of the human body, providing biochemical pathways which are absent in the host. Balanced diet with calorie restriction (CR) promotes growth of healthy microbiota, leading to longevity by down-regulating inflammatory responses. While, dysbiosis leads to body dysfunction, inducing metabolic disorders, causing poor epithelial architecture, and impeding the development of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue, resulting in with reduced T and B cell populations, rendering the body prone to infections, cancer and allergy.

Current challenges to overcome in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated neurological disorders.

The increasing worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and associated neurological disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson's disease, have raised concerns about increasing health care and financial burden. Due to the overwhelming growth rate of T2DM and its strong association with NDs, there is an ever-growing and an urgent need to improve the diagnosis and management of the disease. Major hurdles in the management of T2DM comprise of striving for glycemic targets, polypharmacy, patient adherence and clinical inertia.

Correlation of Toll-like receptor 4, interleukin-18, transaminases, and uric acid in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy adults.

Background: Because of the potential association between periodontal disease and inflammation, the purpose of the present study is to examine the level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), interleukin-18 (IL-18), and uric acid as markers of the inflammatory host response in the plasma and saliva of healthy individuals and patients with periodontitis. In addition, routine biochemical parameters such as fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) were measured. The authors also wanted to check whether patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) exhibit different modulations in salivary and/or plasma concentrations of these parameters compared with clinically healthy individuals.

Protein misfolding and aggregation in Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

In general, proteins can only execute their various biological functions when they are appropriately folded. Their amino acid sequence encodes the relevant information required for correct three-dimensional folding, with or without the assistance of chaperones. The challenge associated with understanding protein folding is currently one of the most important aspects of the biological sciences.

Quinoline derivatives: candidate drugs for a class B G-protein coupled receptor, the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor, a cause of migraines.

Class B G-protein coupled receptors are involved in a wide variety of diseases and are a major focus in drug design. Migraines are a common problem, and one of their major causative agents is the class B G-protein coupled receptor, Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor, a target for competitive drug discovery. The calcitonin receptor-like receptor generates complexes with a receptor activity-modifying protein, which determines the type of receptor protein formed.

Computational study of human tyrosine hydroxylase mutants to uphold [4-(Propan-2-yl) Phenyl]Carbamic acid as a potential inhibitor.

Neurodegenerative diseases that afflict nervous system are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction and associated with the one-set of many diseases like Segawa's syndrome (recessive form), autosomal recessive L-dopa-responsive dystonia, L-dopa non-responsive dystonia or progressive early-onset encephalopathy and recessive L-dopa-responsive parkinsonism. It has been reported that a number of mutations in coding regions, splice sites and promoter regions of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) are associated with many such diseases. TH is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.