Automated compilation of Urdu poetry handwritten image datasets for optical character recognition.

Optical character recognition (OCR) is vital in digitizing printed data into a digital format, which can be conveniently used for various purposes. A significant amount of work has been done in OCR for well-resourced languages like English. However, languages like Urdu, spoken by a large community, face limitations in OCR due to a lack of resources and the complexity and diversity of handwritten scripts.

A review of social background profiling of speakers from speech accents.

Social background profiling of speakers is heavily used in areas, such as, speech forensics, and tuning speech recognition for accuracy improvement. This article provides a survey of recent research in speaker background profiling in terms of accent classification and analyses the datasets, speech features, and classification models used for the classification tasks. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research related to speaker background profiling and to present a comparative analysis of the achieved performance measures.

An Ensembled Framework for Human Breast Cancer Survivability Prediction Using Deep Learning.

Breast cancer is categorized as an aggressive disease, and it is one of the leading causes of death. Accurate survival predictions for both long-term and short-term survivors, when delivered on time, can help physicians make effective treatment decisions for their patients. Therefore, there is a dire need to design an efficient and rapid computational model for breast cancer prognosis.

A transformer fine-tuning strategy for text dialect identification.

Online medical consultation can significantly improve the efficiency of primary health care. Recently, many online medical question-answer services have been developed that connect the patients with relevant medical consultants based on their questions. Considering the linguistic variety in their question, social background identification of patients can improve the referral system by selecting a medical consultant with a similar social origin for efficient communication.

Spatial position constraint for unsupervised learning of speech representations.

The success of supervised learning techniques for automatic speech processing does not always extend to problems with limited annotated speech. Unsupervised representation learning aims at utilizing unlabelled data to learn a transformation that makes speech easily distinguishable for classification tasks, whereby deep auto-encoder variants have been most successful in finding such representations. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to incorporate geometric position of speech samples within the global structure of an unlabelled feature set.

Total Sulfur Amino Acid Requirements Are Not Altered in Children with Chronic Renal Insufficiency, but Minimum Methionine Needs Are Increased.

The total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) and minimum Met requirements have been previously determined in healthy children. TSAA metabolism is altered in kidney disease. Whether TSAA requirements are altered in children with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) is unknown.

Protein requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method.

Background: The current Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations for protein requirements in children are based on a factorial estimate and have not been directly determined.

Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the protein requirement in healthy, school-age children by measuring the oxidation of L-[1-(13)C]-phenylalanine to (13)CO(2) [label tracer oxidation (F(13)CO(2))] in response to graded intakes of protein.

Design: Seven healthy children (6-11 y old) each randomly received a minimum of 7 protein intakes (range: 0.

Evidence that protein requirements have been significantly underestimated.

Purpose Of Review: This review discusses recent evidence that suggests a significant underestimation of protein requirements in adult humans.

Recent Findings: Traditionally, total protein requirements for humans have been determined using nitrogen balance. The recent Dietary Reference Intake recommendations for mean and population-safe intakes of 0.

Indicator amino acid oxidation is not affected by period of adaptation to a wide range of lysine intake in healthy young men.

The number of days of adaptation to a specific amino acid intake required prior to the determination of amino acid requirements using the indicator amino acid oxidation method (IAAO) is still in debate. In this study, our objective was to determine whether adaptation for 8 h, 3 d, and 7 d to a wide range of lysine intakes had any effect on the oxidation of the indicator amino acid, l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine, to (13)CO(2) (F(13)CO(2)). Five healthy young men randomly received each of 4 levels of lysine (5, 20, 35, and 70 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) along with an amino acid mixture to achieve a protein intake of 1.

Reevaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

Background: The current estimated protein requirements are based on the nitrogen balance method, which has many limitations. An alternate approach is needed to permit a reevaluation of protein requirements.

Objective: The objective was to determine protein requirements in men by using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

Lysine requirement of healthy school-age children determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation method.

Background: The current Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations for lysine requirements in children are based on a factorial estimate.

Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the lysine requirement in healthy school-age children by measuring the oxidation of l-[1-(13)C]phenylalanine to (13)CO(2) (F(13)CO(2)) in response to graded intakes of lysine.

Design: Five healthy school-age children randomly received each of 7 lysine intakes (5, 15, 25, 35 50, 65, and 80 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) along with an amino acid mixture to give a final calculated protein intake of 1.

Application of the indicator amino acid oxidation technique for the determination of metabolic availability of sulfur amino acids from casein versus soy protein isolate in adult men.

Our objective was to determine the metabolic availability (MA) of sulfur amino acids in dietary proteins using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. Five to seven men received graded levels (20, 40, 60, and 70%) of the mean total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement of 13 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) as a crystalline AA mixture, casein, and soy protein isolate (SPI) (40, 50, 60, and 70%), respectively. Five of these subjects received 40% of TSAA requirement from SPI supplemented with methionine to the level of 40% of requirement.

Minimum methionine requirement and cysteine sparing of methionine in healthy school-age children.

Background: Cysteine can provide a portion of the sulfur amino acid requirement in adults. Whether this is true in children-and, if so, to what extent-is not known.

Objectives: The objectives were to determine minimum methionine requirements in healthy, school-age children when excess cysteine is provided and to subsequently determine the cysteine-sparing effect by comparing these methionine requirements with those determined previously in the same children when no cysteine was provided.

Total sulfur amino acid requirement of healthy school-age children as determined by indicator amino acid oxidation technique.

Background: Current total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of children are based on a factorial estimate that involves several assumptions.

Objective: The objective was to determine the TSAA requirement (methionine alone) of healthy school-age children by measuring the appearance of 13CO2 (F13CO2) in breath after the oxidation of l-[1-13C]phenylalanine in response to graded methionine intakes.

Design: Six healthy school-age children randomly received each of 6 methionine intakes (0, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35 mg.