Biocompatible and bioactivable terpolymer-lipid-MnO Nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agent for improving tumor detection and delineation.

Early and precise detection of solid tumor cancers is critical for improving therapeutic outcomes. In this regard, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a useful tool for tumor diagnosis and image-guided therapy. However, its effectiveness is limited by the shortcomings of clinically available gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), i.

MiR-4492, a New Potential MicroRNA for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: A Mini Review.

There is no doubt that the incidence of cancer sufferers is rising in the world, and it is estimated that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from malignancies or the cancer rate will double. Diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), represent an excellent approach for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as many other diseases. One of the latest miRNAs is miR-4492, upregulating some genes in tumor tissues including ROMO1, HLA-G, NKIRAS2, FOXK1, and UBE2C.

Comparison of Combined Intraarticular and Intravenous Administration of Tranexamic Acid with Intraarticular and Intravenous Alone in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty without Drainage Catheter: A Clinical Trial Study.

Objectives: We aimed to assess the most effective route for Tranexamic acid (TXA) administration among Intraarticular (IA), Intravenous (IV), and combined IA/IV for Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) surgeries.

Methods: A double-blinded clinical trial was run on 147 TKA candidates. Blood loss and hemoglobin (Hb) drop were evaluated using the Gross and Nadler formula in three matched case groups administered TXA during the TKA through IV, IA, or combined IA/IV route.

Mechanistic Insight into Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Anatomy, Epidemiology, Genetics, Pathogenesis, Prevention, Implications, and Treatment Strategies to Pace AMD Management.

One of the most complicated eye disorders is age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which is the leading cause of irremediable blindness all over the world in the elderly. AMD is classified as early stage to late stage (advanced AMD), in which this stage is divided into the exudative or neovascular form (wet AMD) and the nonexudative or atrophic form (dry AMD). Clinically, AMD primarily influences the central area of retina known as the macula.

Overexpression of miR-146a and miR-155 are Potentially Biomarkers and Predict Unfavorable Relationship between Gastric Cancer and Helicobacter pylori Infection.

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most dangerous malignancies in the world. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between miR-146a and miR-155 in patients with infections with GC compared to -infected patients and healthy subjects. Forty patients with and GC positive diagnoses and 40 patients with positive and GC negative diagnoses, and 40 healthy persons were selected.

The Association of Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) with Infertility: A Mini Review.

Infertility is one of the disorders that worries many couples around the world, although novel and molecular methods can be used to cure this disease in different stages. One of the factors that causes infertility in men and women is the increased oxidative stress within the cells, which can lead to damage in zygote formation. ROMO1 is one of the most important proteins in the production of reactive oxygen species.

Redox-responsive nanoparticles enhance radiation therapy by altering multifaceted radio-resistance mechanisms in human castration-resistant prostate cancer cells and xenografts.

Introduction: Radiation therapy (RT) is a major modality for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), especially castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). However, hypoxia, often seen in PCa tumors, leads to radiation-resistance. This work investigates the effect of a novel oxygen-generating polymer-lipid manganese dioxide nanoparticle (PLMDs) on improving RT outcomes in CRPC xenograft models by modulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) both before and after RT.

The Association of COVID-19 and Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) with Oxidative Stress.

There is no denying that the massive spread of COVID-19 around the world has worried everyone. The virus can cause mild to severe symptoms in various organs, especially the lungs. The virus affects oxidative stress in the cells.

Exploring the transformability of polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles and nanomaterial-biology interplay to facilitate tumor penetration, cellular uptake and intracellular targeting of anticancer drugs.

Background: Successful delivery of anticancer drugs to intracellular targets requires different properties of the nanocarrier to overcome multiple transport barriers. However, few nanocarrier systems, to date, possess such properties, despite knowledge about the biological fate of inorganic and polymeric nanocarriers in relation to their fixed size, shape and surface properties. Herein, a polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle (PLN) system is described with size and shape transformability and its mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking are studied.

Overexpression of reactive oxygen species modulator 1 is associated with advanced grades of bladder cancer.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitochondrial structure integrity, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased ROMO1 expression was reported in various cancer cell lines; however, the possible association between ROMO1 expression and bladder cancer was not well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the rate of ROMO1 expression and the correlation of oxidative stress with the development of bladder cancer.

Overexpression of ROMO1 and OMA1 are Potentially Biomarkers and Predict Unfavorable Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.

Purpose: One of the worst types of cancers is gastric cancer and no specific tumor marker is found in relation to it. Reactive oxygen species modulator 1 (ROMO1) and the overlapping with the M-AAA protease 1 homolog (OMA1) proteins are the most important mitochondrial membrane proteins, which are involved in modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the regulation of mitochondrial structure dynamics. If these proteins do not function properly, oxidative stress increases in the cell, and this can initiate the cancer or worsen the condition.

Reactive Oxygen Species Modulator 1 (ROMO1), a New Potential Target for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Today, the incidence of cancer in the world is rising, and it is expected that in the next several decades, the number of people suffering from cancer or (the cancer rate) will double. Cancer is defined as the excessive and uncontrolled growth of cells; of course (in simple terms), cancer is considered to be a set of other diseases that ultimately causes normal cells to be transformed into neoplastic cells. One of the most important causes of the onset and exacerbation of cancer is excessive oxidative stress.

Combining Tumor Microenvironment Modulating Nanoparticles with Doxorubicin to Enhance Chemotherapeutic Efficacy and Boost Antitumor Immunity.

Background: Tumor microenvironment (TME) and associated multiple factors are found to contribute to the failures in cancer therapies, including chemo- and immunotherapy. Here we report a new multimodal strategy that uses a bioreactive multifunctional hybrid polymer-lipid encapsulated manganese dioxide nanoparticle (PLMD NP) system to remodel the TME, suppress drug resistance factors, reverse immunosuppressive conditions, and enhance chemotherapy efficacy.

Methods: The influence of PLMD NPs on enhancing cellular uptake in EMT6 mouse breast cancer cells and tumor penetration of doxorubicin (DOX) in EMT6 orthotopic breast tumor mouse model was evaluated using confocal microscopy (n = 3-4).

Importance of integrating nanotechnology with pharmacology and physiology for innovative drug delivery and therapy - an illustration with firsthand examples.

Nanotechnology has been applied extensively in drug delivery to improve the therapeutic outcomes of various diseases. Tremendous efforts have been focused on the development of novel nanoparticles and delineation of the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles in relation to their biological fate and functions. However, in the design and evaluation of these nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, the pharmacology of delivered drugs and the (patho-)physiology of the host have received less attention.

Investigation of Factors Affecting Aerodynamic Performance of Nebulized Nanoemulsion.

This work aimed to prepare a nanoemulsion preparation containing budesonide and assess its aerodynamic behavior in comparison with suspension of budesonide. aerodynamic performance of the corresponding micellar solution (ie. nanoemulsion preparation without oil) was investigated too.

Hybrid Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticles Potentiate Radiation Therapy by Modulating Tumor Hypoxia.

Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) mediates resistance to radiotherapy and contributes to poor prognosis in patients receiving radiotherapy. Here we report the design of clinically suitable formulations of hybrid manganese dioxide (MnO) nanoparticles (MDNP) using biocompatible materials to reoxygenate the TME by reacting with endogenous HO MDNP containing hydrophilic terpolymer-protein-MnO or hydrophobic polymer-lipid-MnO provided different oxygen generation rates in the TME relevant to different clinical settings. In highly hypoxic murine or human xenograft breast tumor models, we found that administering either MDNP formulation before radiotherapy modulated tumor hypoxia and increased radiotherapy efficacy, acting to reduce tumor growth, VEGF expression, and vascular density.

Manganese oxide and docetaxel co-loaded fluorescent polymer nanoparticles for dual modal imaging and chemotherapy of breast cancer.

Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) have found important applications in diagnosis, chemotherapy, and image-guided surgery of tumors. In this work, we have developed polymeric theranostic NPs (PTNPs) containing the anticancer drug docetaxel (DTX), a fluorescent dye, and magnetic manganese oxide (MnO) NPs for dual modal imaging and chemotherapy. PTNPs ~150 nm in diameter were synthesized by co-loading hydrophobic DTX and MnO NPs ~5 nm in diameter, into the matrix of a fluorescent dye-labeled amphiphilic polymer.

Chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery: optimization of processing/formulation parameters.

Chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using ultrasonication methodology at specific amplitudes and times of sonication. Subsequently, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was added to the solution at predetermined values of nitrogen to phosphorous ratio (N/P), and stirring time. Employing response surfaces generated from a statistical model, the effect of sonication time and amplitude, stirring time, and N/P ratio was studied on the particle size, polydispersity, and loading efficiency of prepared siRNA/chitosan nanoparticles.

Synergistic nanoparticulate drug combination overcomes multidrug resistance, increases efficacy, and reduces cardiotoxicity in a nonimmunocompromised breast tumor model.

Anthracyclines, commonly employed for cancer chemotherapy, suffer from dose-limiting cardiotoxicity and poor efficacy due to multidrug resistance (MDR). We previously demonstrated that simultaneous delivery of the synergistic drugs doxorubicin (DOX) and mitomycin C (MMC) by polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLN) circumvented MDR, increased efficacy, and reduced cardiotoxicity in immuncompromised mice superior to poly(ethylene glycol)-coated (PEGylated) lipososmal DOX (PLD). Herein it is shown that the DOX-MMC combination was also synergistic in MDR EMT6/AR1 murine breast cancer cells and that their nanoparticle formulations were able to overcome the MDR phenotype.

Production, characterisation, and in vitro nebulisation performance of budesonide-loaded PLA nanoparticles.

The aim of this study is to prepare a nanosuspension of budesonide for respiratory delivery using nebuliser by optimising its particle size and characterising its in vitro deposition behaviour. PLA (poly lactic acid)-budesonide nanosuspension (BNS) was prepared using high-pressure emulsification/solvent evaporation method. To optimise particle size, different parameters such as PLA concentration, sonication time, and amplitude were investigated.

Processing/formulation parameters determining dispersity of chitosan particles: an ANNs study.

Although a great number of studies may be found in literature about the parameters affecting the size of chitosan nanoparticles, no systematic work so far has detailed the factors affecting the polydispersity of chitosan as an important factor determining the quality of many preparations. Herein, using artificial neural networks (ANNs), four independent variables, namely, pH and concentration of chitosan solution as well as time and amplitude of sonication of the solution were studied to determine their influence on the polydispersity of solution. We found that in an ultrasound prepared nanodispersion of chitosan, all the four input parameters have reverse but non-linear relation with the polydispersity of the nanoparticles.

Foot and Mouth Disease virus-loaded fungal chitosan nanoparticles for intranasal administration: impact of formulation on physicochemical and immunological characteristics.

Nasal vaccination is a promising, needle-free alternative route for parenteral vaccination. This study introduces a simple, scalable nasal vaccine delivery formulation for Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDv) using chitosan (CS) nanoparticles and assesses the potential of fungal CS for use as nanocarriers for mucosal vaccines. Fungal CS was extracted from fungal biomass and physiochemically characterized.

Effects of processing parameters on particle size of ultrasound prepared chitosan nanoparticles: an Artificial Neural Networks Study.

The pharmacokinetic properties of chitosan nanoparticles have been shown to mainly depend on its particle size. The aim of this study was to concurrently evaluate and model the effective parameters, namely, chitosan concentration, buffer pH, amplitude and time of sonication, on the particle size of chitosan nanoparticles. Chitosan solutions were prepared and sonicated with different values for the above mentioned parameters.

Preparation and optimization of acetaminophen nanosuspension through nanoprecipitation using microfluidic devices: an artificial neural networks study.

The purpose of this study was to find an artificial neural networks model for determining major factors impacting the stability of an acetaminophen nanosuspansion that was prepared using nanoprecipitation in microfluidic reactors. Four variables, namely concentration of surfactant, solvent and antisolvent flow rate and solvent temperature were used as input variables and time of sedimentation of nanoparticles was considered as output variable. The particle size of optimized formulation was measured by transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering.

Alternatives to conventional suspensions for pulmonary drug delivery by nebulisers: a review.

This review discusses the reports of alternative dosage forms to suspension formulations of hydrophobic drugs for nebulisers. Suspensions for nebulisers, although widely used over recent years, have several limitations which have led to pharmaceutical researchers looking for alternative, better performing preparations. Particular attention has been directed towards the use of nanoparticles as carriers of hydrophobic active ingredients.