Risk factors of stone residual after retrograde intrarenal surgery: A prospective cohort study.

Background: Complete removal of renal stones is crucial for optimal patient outcomes, but recent studies have reported residual stones after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). This study aimed to identify the associated risk factors to improve patient management and treatment selection.

Methods: This cohort study was conducted over 18 months at two hospitals and recruited adult patients with renal stones less than 3 cm.

Comparative study between mitomycin C versus Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Objectives: We aimed to compare the efficacy and adverse events of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) versus Mitomycin C (MMC) in high-risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) patients.

Methods: This randomized controlled study was conducted over 24 months in four hospitals in Egypt. A sample of 90 patients was randomly assigned to either treatment group, with procedures including baseline examinations, a single postoperative instillation of chemotherapy, a 6-week induction cycle of the assigned drug, and regular follow-up cystoscopies and upper urinary tract imaging.