Biosimilars production in Africa opportunities & challenges.

The healthcare systems of African nations heavily rely on importing and repackaging biological medicine. More than 70% of the pharmaceutical products consumed in Africa are imported. The localization of biosimilar production can have a positive impact on the availability and cost of these products by reducing the expenses for African governments and making essential healthcare products more accessible to the population.

Botanical Oils Isolated from and Cultivated in Northern Egypt: Chemical Composition and Insecticidal Activity against (L.) and (Herbst).

The rice weevil, (L.), and the red flour beetle, (Herbst), are key stored-product pests in Egypt and worldwide. The extensive use of synthetic insecticides has led to adverse effects on the environment, human health, and pest resistance.

Infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) to Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) under laboratory conditions.

Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae) larvae to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) Sorokin (Ma79) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) was evaluated at two different temperatures. The ability of the fungus to reinfect healthy sand flies was followed up for approximately 20 wk and the effect of in vivo repassage on the enhancement of its virulence was assessed. The fungus reduced the adult emergence at 26 +/- 1 degrees C when applied to larval diet.

Seasonal abundance, number of annual generations, and effect of an entomopathogenic fungus on Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae).

The monthly density of the sand fly, Phlebotomus Papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae), was monitored during 2009 at Burg El-Arab, a rural district located close to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The number of annual generations and the efficacy of microbial control by the entomopathogenic fungus, Metrahizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok (Ma79), were determined in the laboratory under atmospheric conditions, simulating those of the animal shelters in the study area.

The vessel protector: an instrument for operative microsurgery.

Since the introduction of microsurgery and free flap transfers, the techniques of dissection and harvesting of flaps and their vascular pedicles have continuously advanced. As the vascular pedicles of free and pedicled flaps should be protected during their harvest or dissection, the usual trials to protect pedicle vessels depend ultimately on the surgeon and clinical experience. A new microsurgical instrument, the vessel protector, facilitating protection and holding of the vascular pedicle has been developed.

Microvascular anastomosis in an optical cavity: is it possible?

Microsurgery is one of the highly interesting surgical procedures that can be performed using different applications and in different specialties, including plastic surgery. The endoscope is a popular instrument used in many fields, including plastic surgery. Although the operating microscope is still a must for microsurgical performance, microsurgery could be performed, depending on the experiences and facilities, by using other visual-assisting equipment.

Endoscope-assisted lymphatic microanastomoses: concept, results, expectations, and applications.

Autologous lymph-vessel transplantation is one of the microsurgical procedures that should be performed with good magnification and visualization of the fine lymphatic vessels. It is the preferable surgical intervention in the authors' institute for patients with secondary lymphedema. Although this technique has been performed under the operating microscope, in this study, the authors have experimentally investigated the possibility of performance of lymphatic vessel anastomoses of the rat thoracic duct with the visual assistance of the endoscope, and compared it with the conventional operating microscope, not for its replacement, but as an alternative operating tool which may be preferred in certain situations.

Larvicidal effect of the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen on Culex pipiens.

The larvicidal activity of the juvenile hormone mimic pyriproxyfen was evaluated against the 4th larval instar of Culex pipiens under 5 constant temperatures in the laboratory. Toxicity of this insect compound increased with temperature. The 50% lethal concentrations ranged between 0.

Microscopic vs. endoscopic assisted harvesting and transplantation of free groin flaps: a comparative experimental study in the rat model.

Advances in video technology can now permit the surgeon to view a microsurgical field on a video monitor without the necessity of physically looking through the microscope eyepieces. In this project, we investigated the possibility of the performance of rat groin free-flap harvesting and transplantation with the visual assistance of the endoscope, and compared it with the conventional operating microscope, not for its replacement but as an alternative operating tool that may be preferred by a younger generation of microsurgeons or in certain operative and financial situations. Although there were not many technical differences between the microscope and the endoscope, we recorded significantly shorter operative, harvesting, and transplantation times by using the endoscope.