Pathogenicity of subspecies phage type 1 in one-day-old specific pathogen-free chicks.

Background: The studies about infection in newly hatched chicks were not extensive.

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine the pathogenicity of subspecies serovar (SE) phage type (PT) 1 in one-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks.

Methods: Seventy, one-day-old SPF chicks, were divided into SE group (30 chicks), mortality group (10 chicks), both orally inoculated (1.

Systemic antibody response to nano-size calcium phospate biocompatible adjuvant adsorbed HEV-71 killed vaccine.

Purpose: Since 1980s, human enterovirus-71 virus (HEV-71) is one of the common infectious disease in Asian Pacific region since late 1970s without effective commercial antiviral or protective vaccine is unavailable yet. The work examines the role of vaccine adjuvant particle size and the route of administration on postvaccination antibody response towards HEV-71 vaccine adsorbed to calcium phosphate (CaP) adjuvant.

Materials And Methods: First, CaP nano-particles were compared to a commercial micro-size and vaccine alone.

Zerumbone-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: preparation, characterization, and antileukemic effect.

Zerumbone, a natural dietary lipophilic compound with low water solubility (1.296 mg/L at 25°C) was used in this investigation. The zerumbone was loaded into nanostructured lipid carriers using a hot, high-pressure homogenization technique.