Role of HMGB1 and its associated signaling pathways in human malignancies.

The High-Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1), a non-histone chromatin-associated protein, plays a crucial role in cancer growth and response to therapy as it retains a pivotal role in promoting both cell death and survival. HMGB1 has been reported to regulate several signaling pathways engaged in inflammation, genome stability, immune function, cell proliferation, cell autophagy, metabolism, and apoptosis. However, the association between HMGB1 and cancer is complex and its mechanism in tumorigenesis needs to be further elucidated.