Establishing delivery route-dependent safety and efficacy of living biodrug mesenchymal stem cells in heart failure patients.

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as living biopharmaceuticals with unique properties, , stemness, viability, phenotypes, paracrine activity, , need to be administered such that they reach the target site, maintaining these properties unchanged and are retained at the injury site to participate in the repair process. Route of delivery (RoD) remains one of the critical determinants of safety and efficacy. This study elucidates the safety and effectiveness of different RoDs of MSC treatment in heart failure (HF) based on phase II randomized clinical trials (RCTs).