Oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC) constitutes a heterogeneous group of tumours with regard to outcome and response to therapy. Accurate stratification of ER-positive BC according to risk of relapse and response to therapy will be achieved through an improved understanding of ER and ER-related biological pathways. Recent studies have identified Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor as an intracellular mediator of ERα expression and as an important downstream target of the Akt/PI3K pathway indicating a biological and potential clinical role for FOXO3a in ER-positive BC.
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