Effects of smartphone screen viewing duration and body position on head and neck posture in elementary school children.

Background: Electronic media have become integral parts of modern life, in which prolonged screen viewing time (SVT) by children is nearly unavoidable. Prolonged use of smartphones could lead to musculoskeletal problems.

Objectives: To investigate the effect of SVT on head and neck posture during and after using smartphones for various periods of time in either standing or sitting postures.