Expression of PD-L1 in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer and Its Impact on Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response.

Objectives: Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a new target in breast cancer (BC) and its impact on neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACTH) response is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of PD-L1 in locally advanced invasive BC of different molecular subtypes and to elucidate its relation to tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) density, established clinicopathological factors, pathological therapy response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and patients' outcome.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and five cases of locally advanced invasive BC were enrolled in our study.

Impact of Molecular Profiling of Breast Cancer on the Rate of Locoregional Recurrence in Young Versus Old Female Patients.

Background Breast cancer (BC) is diverse regarding its natural history and treatment responses. The traditional histopathological classification is unable to confine this diverse clinical heterogeneity. Classically, prognosis and treatment response are influenced by factors including histological grade, lymph node status, and tumour size.

Orbital melanocytoma: When a tumor becomes a relieving surprise.

Purpose: Melanocytomas are rare pigmented tumors that arise form melanocytes and have been reported in the central nervous system. Orbital melanocytomas "also known as blue nevus" are rarely reported. The occurrence of choroidal melanoma and orbital melanocytomas has never been described.

Secretome of tumor-associated leukocytes augment epithelial-mesenchymal transition in positive lymph node breast cancer patients via activation of EGFR/Tyr845 and NF-κB/p65 signaling pathway.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process in breast cancer metastasis. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of secretions of tumor-associated leukocytes (TALs) isolated from negative and positive lymph nodes (nLNs and pLNs, respectively) breast cancer patients in regulating EMT mechanism and the associated signaling pathways. We found an increased infiltration of TALs, which was associated with downregulation of E-cadherin and over-expression of vimentin in the breast carcinoma tissues of pLNs as compared to nLNs patients and normal breast tissues obtained from healthy volunteers during mammoplasty.

Association of factor V Leiden, Janus kinase 2, prothrombin, and MTHFR mutations with primary Budd-Chiari syndrome in Egyptian patients.

Background And Aim: Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is defined as obstruction of hepatic venous outflow anywhere from the small hepatic veins to the suprahepatic inferior vena cava. The pathogenesis of BCS is still not fully understood. This study aimed to evaluate the association of factor V Leiden (FVL), Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), prothrombin, and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations with primary BCS.

Positive lymph-node breast cancer patients – activation of NF-κB in tumor-associated leukocytes stimulates cytokine secretion that promotes metastasis via C-C chemokine receptor CCR7.

Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes is most deadly complication among breast cancer patients. Herein, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which tumor-associated leukocytes (TALs) mediate lymph node metastasis. The density of different leukocyte subtypes infiltrating the tumor microenvironment of negative and positive lymph nodes (nLNs, pLNs) in breast cancer patients was measured using immunohistochemistry.

Cytokines secreted by macrophages isolated from tumor microenvironment of inflammatory breast cancer patients possess chemotactic properties.

Although there is a growing literature describing the role of macrophages in breast cancer, the role of macrophages in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is unclear. The aim of present study was to isolate and characterize tumor associated macrophages of IBC and non-IBC patients and define their role in IBC. Tumor infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (CD14+ and CD68+) were measured by immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies.

Cathepsin B: a potential prognostic marker for inflammatory breast cancer.

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer. In non-IBC, the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CTSB) is known to be involved in cancer progression and invasion; however, very little is known about its role in IBC.

Methods: In this study, we enrolled 23 IBC and 27 non-IBC patients.

Capturing and characterizing immune cells from breast tumor microenvironment: an innovative surgical approach.

Background: In breast cancer patients, venous drainage of the breast may contain cells of immunological importance, tumor cells undergoing dissemination, and other biological factors derived from the tumor microenvironment. Collecting axillary venous blood during modified radical mastectomy and thus before dilution in the circulation may allow us to define biological properties of the tumor microenvironment. Aims were to (1) develop a surgical approach to collect blood from the breast tumor microenvironment through tributaries of the axillary vein and (2) characterize and compare immune cells collected from the axillary vein with those in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients.

Primary yolk sac tumor of the lung.

Yolk-sac tumor mimics the yolk sac of the embryo, and the presence of alpha fetoprotein in the tumor cells is highly characteristic. We present an 18-year-old boy with primary pulmonary yolk-sac tumor diagnosed postoperatively. A computed tomographic scan revealed a huge intrathoracic soft tissue mass 20 x 25 cm occupying most of the left hemithorax.

Pleural mesothelioma: diagnostic problems and evaluation of prognostic factors.

Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in Egypt is mainly attributed to an environmental origin i.e exposure to asbestos, with a high incidence in women and young adults. Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural features aid in the diagnosis.

Viral genomes and antigen detection of hepatitis B and C viruses in involved lymph nodes of Egyptian non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.

Several studies have suggested an association between Hepatitis C and B viruses (HCV and HBV) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). In the present study we have searched for viral genomes and antigens in the malignant lymphoma tissues as well as their seroprevalence. Antibodies against Hepatitis C as well as HCV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were determined for 29 newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as well as RT-PCR and compared with 36 apparently healthy individuals as a control group for viral markers.