The study evaluated the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic trace elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils that have been irrigated with sewage wastewater for over 50 years.
Soil and plant samples were collected from 21 sites and analyzed for five PTEs: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb, revealing high levels of Cd with significant ecological risks.
While non-carcinogenic health risks for adults and children were below the risk threshold, the hazard index for PTEs through plant consumption indicated potential health risks, especially concerning carcinogenic risk associated with plant samples.