Clustered Routing Using Chaotic Genetic Algorithm with Grey Wolf Optimization to Enhance Energy Efficiency in Sensor Networks.

As an alternative to flat architectures, clustering architectures are designed to minimize the total energy consumption of sensor networks. Nonetheless, sensor nodes experience increased energy consumption during data transmission, leading to a rapid depletion of energy levels as data are routed towards the base station. Although numerous strategies have been developed to address these challenges and enhance the energy efficiency of networks, the formulation of a clustering-based routing algorithm that achieves both high energy efficiency and increased packet transmission rate for large-scale sensor networks remains an NP-hard problem.