The association between osteoprotegerin and arterial stiffness in a 10-year longitudinal study of patients with type 2 diabetes.

: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) inhibits vascular calcification which is central to pathogenesis of arterial stiffness. However, it promotes inflammation by upregulating expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1(VCAM-1), thereby contributing to arterial stiffness. We investigated longitudinal association between OPG and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes (T2D), causality of the association and mediation by VCAM-1.

Global Study on the Accuracy of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Low Diagnosis in Breast Cancer.

Context.—: Recently, a new type of antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd), has been approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer with low level of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene expression. Thereby, eligibility relies on an accurate diagnosis of HER2-low status defined by immunohistochemistry IHC 1+/2+ with no gene amplification.

Reduced skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is independently associated with reduced cognitive function in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio (SVR) has been recognised as an index of sarcopenic obesity. SVR is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome and arterial stiffness which are known risk factors for cognitive dysfunction. We aimed to investigate association between SVR and cognitive function in patients with T2DM.

Association Between Plasma LRG1 and Lower Cognitive Function in Asians With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Context: Leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, but its association with cognitive function remains unclear.

Objective: Our primary objective is to investigate the longitudinal association between LRG1 and cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Secondarily, we determine the causal relationship using Mendelian randomization (MR) and the role of arterial stiffness as a potential mediator.

Longitudinal profiling and tracking stability in the Singapore study of macro-angiopathy and microvascular reactivity in type 2 diabetes cohort.

Introduction: The Singapore Study of Macro-Angiopathy and microvascular Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetes (SMART2D) is a prospective cohort study which was started in 2011 to investigate the effect of risk factors on vascular function and diabetes-related complications in Asians. We aimed to compare the longitudinal change in risk factors by accounting for batch effect and assess the tracking stability of risk factors over time in patients recruited for SMART2D. In this study, we (1) described batch effect and its extent across a heterogenous range of longitudinal data parameters; (2) mitigated batch effect through statistical approach; and (3) assessed the tracking stability of the risk factors over time.

Retrospective study to estimate the prevalence and describe the clinicopathological characteristics, treatments received, and outcomes of HER2-low breast cancer.

Background: Approximately 80% of all breast cancers (BCs) are currently categorized as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative [immunohistochemistry (IHC) 0, 1+, or 2+/in situ hybridization (ISH) negative]; approximately 60% of BCs traditionally categorized as HER2-negative express low levels of HER2. HER2-low (IHC 1+ or IHC 2+/ISH-) status became clinically actionable with approval of trastuzumab deruxtecan to treat unresectable/metastatic HER2-low BC. Greater understanding of patients with HER2-low disease is urgently needed.

Short-term Weight Trajectory of Severely Obese Individuals With and Without Pathogenic Satiety-Regulation Melanocortin 3/4 Receptor (MC3/4R) Mutations From a Multi-ethnic Asian Large Bariatric Surgery Program.

The melanocortin (3 or 4) receptor (MC3/4R) is involved in regulating satiety and body weight. Therefore, pathogenic mutation in MC3/4R is associated with severe obesity, for which bariatric surgery is one of the treatment options. However, there is limited data on whether individuals with MC3/4R mutation will have differential weight response to surgery, especially among the Asian populations-the epi-center of the evolving global obesity epidemic.

Association between lower phase angle and chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes patients.

Introduction: Phase angle (PhA), derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), is the angle of vector determined by the body's resistance and reactance. It indicates cellular integrity and hydration status. Though extracellular volume excess was associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, the association between PhA and CKD progression is unknown.

Triglyceride-glucose index is prospectively associated with chronic kidney disease progression in Type 2 diabetes - mediation by pigment epithelium-derived factor.

Background: Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a surrogate marker of insulin resistance. Its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. We investigated the association between TyG index and CKD progression, and possible mediation of the association by pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF).

Decline in skeletal muscle mass is associated with cognitive decline in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aims: To examine the longitudinal association between skeletal muscle mass (SMM) loss and cognitive decline over time in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 453 patients from SMART2D cohort with follow-up intervals of 1.6 to 6.

Association of early-onset Type 2 diabetes with cognitive impairment is partially mediated by increased pulse pressure.

Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been shown to be associated with cognitive decline and dementia. As earlier onset of diabetes implies a longer disease duration and an increased risk to complications, we sought to investigate the effect of T2DM onset on cognitive function of our patients.

Methods: We administered the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) to T2DM patients aged 45-85 from our SMART2D cohort.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus best medical treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults with body mass index between 27 and 32 kg/m: A 5-year randomized controlled trial.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) versus best medical treatment in Asians with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and class I obesity.

Methods: In this 5-year single-centre, open-label randomized controlled trial, participants were randomized to RYGB or medical treatment including newer classes of diabetes medications (ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT02041234).

Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors and Cognitive Function in a Longitudinal Study of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: The association between sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) use and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes remains unclear.

Objective: Explore the association between SGLT2i and longitudinal changes in cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and assessed the cognitive domains which were impacted by SGLT2i.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 476 patients aged 60.

Amino acid profile of skeletal muscle loss in type 2 diabetes: Results from a 7-year longitudinal study in asians.

Aims: Little is known about pathophysiology of sarcopenia in diabetes. We aimed to study amino acid profile associated with skeletal muscle mass loss longitudinally in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: This is a prospective study of 1140 patients aged 56.

Higher extracellular water to total body water ratio was associated with chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes.

Aim: We studied the association between extracellular volume status and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression; and the role of extracellular volume excess as a potential mediator in the relationship between matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and CKD progression in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1079 T2DM patients. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed to assess body fluid status.

Low muscle mass is associated with progression of chronic kidney disease and albuminuria - An 8-year longitudinal study in Asians with Type 2 Diabetes.

Aims: We examined the longitudinal relationship between baseline skeletal muscle mass and its change over time with eGFR decline and albuminuria progression among Asians with type 2 diabetes(T2D).

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of 1272 T2D patients. Skeletal muscle mass was estimated using tetra-polar multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis and Skeletal Muscle Mass Index(SMI) was defined as skeletal muscle mass/weight * 100.

Association of overhydration and serum pigment epithelium-derived factor with CKD progression in diabetic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study.

Aim: Little is known about whether overhydration (OH), measured using bioimpedance assay (BIA), is associated with CKD progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We hypothesised that OH was a predictor, and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) was a modifiable risk factor of CKD progression.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1,065 patients with clinically euvolemic T2DM who attended the diabetes centre in a tertiary hospital or primary care clinic.

Diabetes predicts severity of COVID-19 infection in a retrospective cohort: A mediatory role of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein.

Diabetes is a risk factor for developing severe COVID-19, but the pathogenesis remains unclear. We investigated if the association of diabetes and COVID-19 severity may be mediated by inflammation. We also hypothesized that this increased risk may extend to prediabetes.

The role of pulse pressure in navigating the paradigm of chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background And Aims: Arterial stiffness is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression (CKD). Pulse pressure is a surrogate marker of arterial stiffness. It is unclear if pulse pressure predicts CKD progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Correlation of Telomere Length in Adipose Tissue and Leukocytes and its Association with Postsurgical Weight Loss.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between telomere length (TL) in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissues (VAT), and leukocytes, as well as to examine the associations of TL in these tissues with postsurgical weight loss in Asians with severe obesity.

Methods: Presurgery TL was measured in leukocytes, SAT, and VAT of 91 patients who underwent weight loss surgery. Correlation between TL in multiple tissues was assessed using Pearson correlation.

Association between vascular measures and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes.

Aim: To examine correlation between vascular measures and cognitive performance in type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on patients (N = 1167) aged ≥45 years attending Diabetes Centre in a tertiary hospital and primary care polyclinic. The following vascular measures were measured: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse pressure (PP), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI).

Higher ratio of extracellular water to total body water was associated with reduced cognitive function in type 2 diabetes.

Background: Fluid imbalance is associated with various clinical conditions, but the association between elevated extracellular-water to total-body-water (ECW/TBW) ratio, an indicator of fluid balance, and cognitive impairment is unknown. We aimed to investigate relationship between ECW/TBW ratio and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional design, comparing 1233 patients aged 61.

Zinc-α2-glycoprotein is associated with non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study with 4-year follow-up.

Aim: To investigate the association between baseline plasma zinc-α2-glycoprotein and non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease progression in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Adults with normoalbuminuria at entry (n=341; age 57±10 years, 52% men) were analysed. Chronic kidney disease progression was defined as a decrease in chronic kidney disease stage and a decline of ≥25% in estimated GFR from baseline.