Genome-wide changes of protein translation levels for cell and organelle proliferation in a simple unicellular alga.

Cell proliferation is a fundamental characteristic of organisms, driven by the holistic functions of multiple proteins encoded in the genome. However, the individual contributions of thousands of genes and the millions of protein molecules they express to cell proliferation are still not fully understood, even in simple eukaryotes. Here, we present a genome-wide translation map of cells during proliferation in the unicellular alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, based on the sequencing of ribosome-protected messenger RNA fragments.

Muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius during growth.

Background: Muscle architecture is closely related to muscle function. Increased knowledge of growth changes in muscle architecture will provide insights into the development of human movements and sports performance during the growth period. However, it is unclear how the muscle architecture of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) grows.

Application of a low acetate-producing strain of Tetragenococcus halophilus to soy sauce fermentation.

In soy sauce brewing, the halophilic lactic acid bacterium, Tetragenococcus halophilus is used as a fermentation starter and contributes to the taste and aroma of soy sauce, mainly by producing lactate. By lowering the pH of the soy sauce mash, lactate serves as a suitable growth environment for the halotolerant yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Acetate, which is produced by T.

A type II toxin-antitoxin system, ECs3274-ECs3275, in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157.

The toxin-antitoxin (TA) genetic module controls various bacterial events. Novel toxins with different functions are still being discovered. This study aimed to determine whether the ECs3274-ECs3275 gene pair encoded by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 functions as a TA system.

Isolation of arginine deiminase system-deficient mutants of Tetragenococcus halophilus using arginine analog canavanine.

Arginine deimination by Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, is an undesirable reaction in soy sauce brewing because it is responsible for the production of ethyl carbamate, a potential carcinogen. Therefore, arginine deiminase system-deficient mutants have been generated and used as starter cultures. However, the pre-existing screening method for arginine deiminase system-deficient mutants was time consuming.

Simple prerequisite of presequence for mitochondrial protein import in the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae.

Mitochondrial biogenesis relies on hundreds of proteins that are derived from genes encoded in the nucleus. According to the characteristic properties of N-terminal targeting peptides (TPs) and multi-step authentication by the protein translocase called the TOM complex, nascent polypeptides satisfying the requirements are imported into mitochondria. However, it is unknown whether eukaryotic cells with a single mitochondrion per cell have a similar complexity of presequence requirements for mitochondrial protein import compared to other eukaryotes with multiple mitochondria.

Change of hand sensation and function in patients with malignant lymphoma during early-stage vincristine chemotherapy: A single-center observational study.

This study aimed to investigate changes in hand sensation (finger tactile threshold and two-point discrimination) and function in patients with malignant lymphoma, particularly during the early stages of chemotherapy with vincristine. Eighteen patients with malignant lymphoma were enrolled in this study. Data on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.

Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin and proper phospholipid composition are important for aggregation in SL10.

Aggregating strains of tend to be trapped during soy sauce mash-pressing process and are, therefore, critical for clear soy sauce production. However, the precise molecular mechanism involved in aggregation remains elusive. In previous studies, we isolated a number of aggregating strains, including AB4 and AL1, and showed that a cell surface proteinaceous aggregation factor is responsible for their aggregation phenotype.

Identification of an operon and its regulator required for autoaggregation in .

is a halophilic lactic acid bacterium generally used as a starter culture in fermenting soy and fish sauces. Aggregating strains can be useful in fermenting and obtaining clear soy sauce because cell clumps are trapped by the filter cake when the soy sauce mash is pressed. However, the genetic mechanisms of aggregation in are unknown.

Identification of Capsular Polysaccharide Synthesis Loci Determining Bacteriophage Susceptibility in Tetragenococcus halophilus.

Bacteriophages infecting Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, have been a major industrial concern due to their detrimental effects on the quality of food products. Previously characterized tetragenococcal phages displayed narrow host ranges, but there is little information on these mechanisms. Here, we revealed the host's determinant factors for phage susceptibility using two virulent phages, phiYA5_2 and phiYG2_4, that infect T.

Targeted Screening for Spontaneous Insertion Mutations in a Lactic Acid Bacterium, Tetragenococcus halophilus.

Studies on the microorganisms used in food production are of interest because microbial genotypes are reflected in food qualities such as taste, flavor, and yield. However, several microbes are nonmodel organisms, and their analysis is often limited by the lack of genetic tools. Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium used in soy sauce fermentation starter culture, is one such microorganism.

Effects of growth on muscle architecture of knee extensors.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of growth on the muscle architecture of knee extensors. The present study included 123 male children and adolescents. The muscle thicknesses of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus intermedius (VI), and pennation angles and fascicle lengths of RF were measured in three regions using ultrasonography technique at rest.

Ribitol-Containing Wall Teichoic Acid of Tetragenococcus halophilus Is Targeted by Bacteriophage phiWJ7 as a Binding Receptor.

Tetragenococcus halophilus, a halophilic lactic acid bacterium, is used in the fermentation process of soy sauce manufacturing. For many years, bacteriophage infections of have been a major industrial problem that causes fermentation failure. However, studies focusing on the mechanisms of tetragenococcal host-phage interactions are not sufficient.

Comparison of stepwise and single-step pyrolysis GC/MS for natural complex macromolecular organic matter.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a useful technique for the analysis of complex organic matter. However, the pyrolysis temperatures must be carefully chosen to maximize the information obtained and, in parallel, minimize byproducts. One solution to accomplish this is the stepwise pyrolysis method, which has been employed to analyze complex mixtures of natural samples.

CZON-cutter - a CRISPR-Cas9 system for multiplexed organelle imaging in a simple unicellular alga.

The unicellular alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has a simple cellular structure; each cell has one nucleus, one mitochondrion, one chloroplast and one peroxisome. This simplicity offers unique advantages for investigating organellar proliferation and the cell cycle. Here, we describe CZON-cutter, an engineered clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) system for simultaneous genome editing and organellar visualization.

Membrane Reactor for Methanol Synthesis Using Si-Rich LTA Zeolite Membrane.

We successfully demonstrated the effect of a membrane reactor for methanol synthesis to improve one-pass CO conversion. An Si-rich LTA membrane for dehydration from a methanol synthesis reaction field was synthesized by the seed-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The HO permselective performance of the membrane showed 1.

Next-Generation Total Synthesis of Vancomycin.

A next-generation total synthesis of vancomycin aglycon is detailed that was achieved in 17 steps (longest linear sequence, LLS) from the constituent amino acid subunits with kinetically controlled diastereoselective introduction of all three elements of atropisomerism. In addition to new syntheses of three of the seven amino acid subunits, highlights of the approach include a ligand-controlled atroposelective one-pot Miyaura borylation-Suzuki coupling sequence for introduction of the AB biaryl axis of chirality (>20:1 dr), an essentially instantaneous and scalable macrolactamization of the AB ring system nearly free of competitive epimerization (>30:1 dr), and two room-temperature atroposelective intramolecular SAr cyclizations for sequential CD (8:1 dr) and DE ring closures (14:1 dr) that benefit from both preorganization by the preformed AB ring system and subtle substituent effects. Combined with a protecting group free two-step enzymatic glycosylation of vancomycin aglycon, this provides a 19-step total synthesis of vancomycin.

The effects of growth on structural properties of the Achilles and Patellar tendons: A cross-sectional study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural properties (length and cross-sectional area) of both the Patellar and Achilles tendons at around adolescent growth spurt. One hundred-twenty children and adolescents participated in this study. Based on estimated age at peak height velocity, the participants were separated into three groups (before takeoff of adolescent growth spurt group, from takeoff of adolescent growth spurt until peak height velocity group and after peak height velocity group).

Rapid Assembly of Protoilludane Skeleton through Tandem Catalysis: Total Synthesis of Paesslerin A and Its Structural Revision.

A multicomponent domino reaction involving three mechanistically distinct TfNH-catalyzed reactions was developed. The reaction cascade enables the assembly of a skewed 5/6/4 tricyclic motif with migration of the reactive site with the assistance of a catalyst. The tricyclic product was used to achieve the first total synthesis of cytotoxic paesslerin A by regioselective C-H insertion of the sulfonyl carbenoid and base-promoted olefin isomerization.

Author Correction: Chloroplast FtsZ assembles into a contractible ring via tubulin-like heteropolymerization.

In the version of this Article originally published, the authors incorrectly referred to the fluorescent protein Venus being used in their study; the actual one used was enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (eYFP).

How do plastids and mitochondria divide?

Plastids and mitochondria are thought to have originated from free-living cyanobacterial and alpha-proteobacterial ancestors, respectively, via endosymbiosis. Their evolutionary origins dictate that these organelles do not multiply de novo but through the division of pre-existing plastids and mitochondria. Over the past three decades, studies have shown that plastid and mitochondrial division are performed by contractile ring-shaped structures, broadly termed the plastid and mitochondrial-division machineries.

Enhanced bioconversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane using a micro-nano sparger system: mass balance and energy consumption.

Simultaneous CO removal with renewable biofuel production can be achieved by methanogens through conversion of CO and H into CH. However, the low gas-liquid mass transfer ( ) of H limits the commercial application of this bioconversion. This study tested and compared the gas-liquid mass transfer of H by using two stirred tank reactors (STRs) equipped with a micro-nano sparger (MNS) and common micro sparger (CMS), respectively.

Biomethanation of blast furnace gas using anaerobic granular sludge addition of hydrogen.

The high concentrations of CO (toxic) and CO (greenhouse gases) in blast furnace gas (a by-product of steelworks) reflect its low calorific value. In this study, anaerobic granular sludge was used to convert carbon from blast furnace gas to methane exogenous hydrogen addition. The inhibition of methane production by CO partial pressure ( ) was found to start from 0.