WITHDRAWN: Increasing Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among Hospital and Community Acquired Infections in Khartoum State, Sudan.

Unlabelled: Since the authors are not responding to the editor’s requests to fulfil the editorial requirement, therefore, the article has been withdrawn from the journal "Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets" Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

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Changes of th1 and th2 cytokines levels among sudanese tuberculosis patients during treatment.

Background: The interaction of T cells with infected macrophages depends on the interplay of cytokines produced in each cell, and this mechanism is a key to protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Extensive research has been devoted to studying the changes in systemic cytokine levels in patients with tuberculosis (TB), but the results are inconclusive. Determine Th1 and Th2 cytokine immune response levels among new TB patients compared to follow-up and healthy control.

Isolation and Identification of spp. from Desert and Savanna Soils in Sudan.

The purpose of this study was to investigate streptomycete populations in desert and savanna ecozones in Sudan and to identify species based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. A total of 49 different phenotypes (22 from sites representing the desert and semi-desert ecozone; 27 representing the savanna ecozone) have been included in the study. The isolates were characterized phenotypically and confirmed using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis.

DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Mutations and their effect on Quinolones Resistant among UTIs Patients.

Objective: This study aimed to highlight the importance of mutations within genome that are related to fluoroquinolone resistance.

Methods: This is a cross sectional study performed in different teaching hospitals in Khartoum State from June 2016 to May 2017. A total of (120) isolates from patients with symptoms of UTIs attending different hospitals in Khartoum State were examined.

Diversity and geographic distribution of soil streptomycetes with antagonistic potential against actinomycetoma-causing Streptomyces sudanensis in Sudan and South Sudan.

Background: Production of antibiotics to inhibit competitors affects soil microbial community composition and contributes to disease suppression. In this work, we characterized whether Streptomyces bacteria, prolific antibiotics producers, inhibit a soil borne human pathogenic microorganism, Streptomyces sudanensis. S.

Nocardiosis in Sudan: Current Situation and Future Perspective.

Background: Infections caused by Nocardia are rare, but misguided to clinicians, especially if there is a delay in the diagnosis and/or low response to chemotherapy. The incidence of nocardiosis is increasing constantly worldwide, and the situation is getting worse if we consider immunocompromised individuals, such as human immune virus (HIV) positive patients since they are at higher risk. Surgical amputation, although not common, but should be considered as a result in some cases that cause partial disability.

Influence of interferon-gamma Receptor 1 gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis among sudanese population.

Background: A variety of genetic mutations are thought to be responsible for acquisition of different infections such as tuberculosis (TB). An obvious example for these variations is the link between pulmonary TB and polymorphisms within interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFN-γ R1) gene. This project is designed to identify the role of IFN-γR1 gene polymorphism in the development of pulmonary TB among Sudanese patients attending several hospitals in Khartoum State.

Epidemiological Trends of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province, Western Region of Saudi Arabia.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological trends of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, western region of KSA.

Materials And Methods: Four hundred and sixty-seven parasitologically confirmed CL cases attending Al-Meeqat Hospital, Al-Madinah, during 2012-2015, were included in this study.

Results: Both Saudi and non-Saudi nationals were infected, with the highest infection rate being among Saudis (68.

Burden of Multidrug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among New Cases in Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah, Saudi Arabia.

Background: The pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility to first line drugs and multidrug resistance in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, a seasonally overcrowded are during Hajj and Omrah, is not well studied.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate anti-tuberculosis drug resistance and its distribution among new cases in Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah.

Methods: Study subjects included 622 patients with first time confirmed TB referred to the central tuberculosis laboratory in Al-Madinah between January 2012 and December 2014.

Elevated TGF-beta levels in drug-resistant visceral leishmaniasis.

Background: Poor and neglected populations in Africa are particularly affected with visceral leishmaniasis. The widespread emergence of resistance to pentavalent antimonials occurs globally and the unavailability of a vaccine in clinical use constitutes a major obstacle in disease control.

Objective: To investigate the cytokine profile in human visceral leishmaniasis.

Polymerase Chain Reaction targeting insertion sequence IS6110 for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis among Sudanese children and young adults.

This study was carried out in Khartoum State during the period from January 2011 to December 2013 to improve the rate of detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in children with symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) infection using different conventional and advanced diagnostic techniques. One hundred and ninety-seven specimens of gastric lavage and sputum were collected from different hospitals in Khartoum State, including Elbolok Hospital, Jafar Ibn Owf Hospital, Elasha'ab Teaching Hospital, Soba University Hospital and Academy Charity Hospital. All children participating in the study were subjected to the Mantoux test after obtaining appropriate consent injected by 5 tuberculin units of tuberculin purified protein derivative, and the results were recorded after three days.

Challenges in diagnosing tuberculosis in children: a comparative study from Sudan.

Objectives: The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging due to insufficient specimen material and the scarcity of bacilli in specimens. This study aimed to evaluate methods for diagnosing TB in children in Sudan.

Methods: Patients (N=197) were subjected to the tuberculin skin test (TST).

Absence of the mecA Gene in Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi City, Sudan.

Absolute dependence on mecA gene as the defining standard in determining the resistance of S. aureus to methicillin became the subject of distrust by many researchers. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of mecA gene in methicillin resistant S.

Multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan.

This study investigates the prevalence of drug resistance and mutations in rpoB gene among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kassala State, Sudan. In a cross-sectional study during 2011, sputum specimens (n = 90) were examined microscopically and grown cultures were identified by analysing IS6110 insertion sequence. Antimicrobial sensitivity and mutations in the rpoB gene were determined.

Prevalence of Nocardia species among HIV-positive patients with suspected tuberculosis.

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of nocardiosis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals clinically suspected of having tuberculosis (TB). The study population (n = 171) were those who attended chest hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan, between January and March 2010. The patients suffered from pulmonary infections with positive acid-fast bacilli.