Outcomes of para-sacral transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in treatment of primary and refractory overactive bladder among children.

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most prevalent lower urinary tract dysfunction among children. Refractory OAB lacks response to the first line treatments, including anticholinergic, and it is a major clinical challenge. This study aims to compare the efficacy of para-sacral transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (PS-TENS) in the treatment of primary and refractory OAB among children.

Impact of Subinguinal Varicocelectomy on Serum Testosterone to Estradiol Ratio in Male Patients With Infertility.

Objective: To assess the effect of varicocele and subsequent varicocelectomy on testosterone-estradiol ratio in patients presented with infertility or testicular pain.

Materials And Methods: In this prospective, controlled, clinical study, 135 men were assigned to 3 equal groups (n = 45 per group). The varicocele-treated "varicocelectomy" group included patients with varicocele who underwent loupe-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy for infertility or testicular pain; the varicocele-not-treated "positive control" group included patients with varicocele who refused or who wished to postpone varicocelectomy; and the no-varicocele "negative control" group included fertile men without varicocele.