Evaluation of the Effect of the Inspired Oxygen Fraction on Blood Oxygenation during Inhalant Anaesthesia in Horses: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.

In anaesthetized horses, pronounced ventilation/perfusion mismatching often occurs. Several authors have investigated the effect of lower inspired oxygen fractions (FiO) to reduce formation of absorption atelectasis. This systematic review compared the effects of low (<0.

Monitoring changes in distribution of pulmonary ventilation by functional electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetized ponies.

Objective: To assess changes in the distribution in pulmonary ventilation in anaesthetized ponies using electrical impedance tomography (EIT).

Study Design: Prospective experimental study.

Animals: A group of eight adult pony geldings.

Edible insects - defining knowledge gaps in biological and ethical considerations of entomophagy.

While seeking novel food sources to feed the increasing population of the globe, several alternatives have been discussed, including algae, fungi or meat. The increasingly propagated usage of farmed insects for human nutrition raises issues regarding food safety, consumer information and animal protection. In line with law, insects like any other animals must not be reared or manipulated in a way that inflicts unnecessary pain, distress or harm on them.

Impact of four different recumbencies on the distribution of ventilation in conscious or anaesthetized spontaneously breathing beagle dogs: An electrical impedance tomography study.

The aim was to examine the effects of recumbency and anaesthesia on distribution of ventilation in beagle dogs using Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). Nine healthy beagle dogs, aging 3.7±1.

Assessment of distribution of ventilation and regional lung compliance by electrical impedance tomography in anaesthetized horses undergoing alveolar recruitment manoeuvres.

Objective: To examine changes in the distribution of ventilation and regional lung compliances in anaesthetized horses during the alveolar recruitment manoeuvre (ARM).

Study Design: Experimental study in which a series of treatments were administered in a fixed order on one occasion.

Animals: Five adult Warmblood horses.

Vertebral Subluxation Repair in a Pet Goat.

Objectives: To describe the perioperative management, including surgery, anesthesia, metabolic derangements, and physiotherapy, in a goat referred for paraparesis secondary to a road traffic accident.

Study Design: Case report.

Animals: 2-year-old mixed breed dwarf 44 kg female pet goat.

Modern Spirometry Supports Anesthetic Management in Small Animal Clinical Practice: A Case Series.

Modern spirometry, like no other monitoring technique, allows insight into breath-to-breath respiratory mechanics. Spirometers continuously measure volume, airway pressure, and flow while calculating and continuously displaying respiratory system compliance and resistance in the form of loops. The aim of this case series is to show how observation of spirometric loops, similar to electrocardiogram or CO2 curve monitoring, can improve safety of anesthetic management in small animals.

Assessment of distribution of ventilation by electrical impedance tomography in standing horses.

The aim was to evaluate the feasibility of using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in horses. Thoracic EIT was used in nine horses. Thoracic and abdominal circumference changes were also measured with respiratory ultrasound plethysmography (RUP).

Clinical Practice of Epidural Puncture in Dogs and Cats Assisted by a Commercial Acoustic Puncture Assist Device-Epidural Locator: Preliminary Results.

The objective of this study was to compare an Acoustic Puncture Assist Device-Epidural Locator (APAD-EL) with the "pop sensation" (POP) and "lack of resistance" (LOR) commonly used to confirm penetration of the ligamentum flavum and to ensure correct epidural placement in dogs and cats. We recruited 38 dogs and cats undergoing surgery and receiving epidural analgesia. Two anesthetists performed epidural puncture using the POP and LOR signs.

Publication rate of studies presented at veterinary anaesthesia specialty meetings during the years 2003-2008.

Objective: To assess publication rates, factors predicting publication, and discrepancies between conference abstracts and subsequent full-text publications of abstracts from the veterinary meetings of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists and the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists from 2003 to 2008.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Methods: A total of 607 abstracts were identified and a database search (Scopus, PubMed, CAB) was conducted to identify matching publications.

Validation study of an interpolation method for calculating whole lung volumes and masses from reduced numbers of CT-images in ponies.

Quantitative computer tomographic analysis (qCTA) is an accurate but time intensive method used to quantify volume, mass and aeration of the lungs. The aim of this study was to validate a time efficient interpolation technique for application of qCTA in ponies. Forty-one thoracic computer tomographic (CT) scans obtained from eight anaesthetised ponies positioned in dorsal recumbency were included.

Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA (romifidine, ketamine, midazolam) and isoflurane anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing ponies Part I: blood gas analysis and cardiorespiratory variables.

Objective: To compare pulmonary function and gas exchange in ponies during maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane or by a total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) technique.

Study Design: Experimental, cross-over study.

Animals: Six healthy ponies weighing mean 286 (range 233-388) ± SD 61 kg, age 13 (9-16) ± 3 years.

Comparison of respiratory function during TIVA and isoflurane anaesthesia in ponies Part II: breathing patterns and transdiaphragmatic pressure.

Objective: To compare breathing patterns and transdiaphragmatic pressure during total intravenous (TIVA) and isoflurane anaesthesia in ponies.

Study Design: Experimental, cross-over study.

Animals: Six healthy ponies weighing 286 (233-388) ± 61 kg, age 13 (9-16) ± 3 years.

Variety of non-invasive continuous monitoring methodologies including electrical impedance tomography provides novel insights into the physiology of lung collapse and recruitment – case report of an anaesthetized horse.

Introduction: The use of alveolar recruitment maneuvers during general anaesthesia of horses is a potentially useful therapeutic option for the ventilatory management. While the routine application of recruitments would benefit from the availability of dedicated large animal ventilators their impact on ventilation and perfusion in the horse is not yet well documented nor completely understood.

Case History: A healthy 533 kg experimental horse underwent general anaesthesia in lateral recumbency.

Comparison of an infrared anaesthetic agent analyser (Datex-Ohmeda) with refractometry for measurement of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations.

Objective: To assess agreement between infrared (IR) analysers and a refractometer for measurements of isoflurane, sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations and to demonstrate the effect of customized calibration of IR analysers.

Study Design: In vitro experiment.

Subjects: Six IR anaesthetic monitors (Datex-Ohmeda) and a single portable refractometer (Riken).

A novel flow partition device for spirometry during large animal anaesthesia.

Objective: We describe and test a novel device for large animal anaesthesia monitoring that uses standard human medicine spirometry sensors.

Study Design: In-vitro study.

Methods: The device consists of two adapters that enable the flow to be split evenly into four tubes in parallel, each tube containing a D-lite sensor.

The effect of four anaesthetic protocols for maintenance of anaesthesia on trans-diaphragmatic pressure in dogs.

The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle and the main indicator of diaphragmatic contractility is the trans-diaphragmatic pressure (Pdi). The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effect of four different anaesthetic protocols on Pdi in anaesthetized healthy dogs. Eighty client-owned dogs were recruited in this clinical study.

Voltage changes in the lithium dilution cardiac output sensor after exposure to blood from horses given xylazine.

Background: In a previous in vitro study using saline medium, the authors showed that certain drugs changed the voltages of lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) sensors and also influenced their accuracy in measuring lithium concentrations. These two parameters correlated and so we examined whether such drug-sensor interaction exists when LiDCO sensor was exposed to xylazine in blood.

Methods: Five healthy adult warm-blood horses were injected with 0.

A minimally invasive method for clinical trans-diaphragmatic pressure measurement in anaesthetized dogs.

Objective: To measure trans-diaphragmatic pressures, as an indication of diaphragmatic contractility, in anaesthetized dogs breathing normally, or during inspiratory obstruction (Mueller's manoeuvre) in order to assess if the method is practicable for use in clinical circumstances.

Study Design: Pilot study.

Animals: Twenty eight client-owned dogs, ASA I or II, 1-10 years old, 5-30 kg bodyweight, which required anaesthesia for surgery, and were to be positioned in lateral recumbency.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a new large animal spirometry device using mainstream CO2 flow sensors.

Reasons For Performing Study: A spirometry device equipped with mainstream CO2 flow sensor is not available for large animal anaesthesia.

Objectives: To measure the resistance of a new large animal spirometry device and assess its agreement with reference methods for volume measurements.

Study Design: In vitro experiment and crossover study using anaesthetised horses.

Mechanical ventilation and respiratory mechanics during equine anesthesia.

The mechanical ventilation of horses during anesthesia remains a crucial option for optimal anesthetic management, if the possible negative cardiovascular side effects are managed, because this species is prone to hypercapnia and hypoxemia. The combined use of capnography and pitot-based spirometry provide complementary information on ventilation and respiratory mechanics, respectively. This facilitates management of mechanical ventilation in conditions of changing respiratory system compliance (ie, laparoscopy) and when investigating new ventilatory strategies including alveolar recruitment maneuvers and optimization of positive expiratory pressure.