The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia.

By sequencing 523 ancient humans, we show that the primary source of ancestry in modern South Asians is a prehistoric genetic gradient between people related to early hunter-gatherers of Iran and Southeast Asia. After the Indus Valley Civilization's decline, its people mixed with individuals in the southeast to form one of the two main ancestral populations of South Asia, whose direct descendants live in southern India. Simultaneously, they mixed with descendants of Steppe pastoralists who, starting around 4000 years ago, spread via Central Asia to form the other main ancestral population.

Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians.

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers.

[Intracardial transplantation of mononuclear cells of the autologous bone marrow in complex treatment of patients with valvular heart diseases].

The authors present the first clinical experience with intramyocardial transplantation of the mononuclear fraction of cells of the autologous bone marrow in complex surgical treatment of 10 patients with valvular heart disease. The cellular transplantation was fulfilled intraoperatively when making a prosthetic mitral (5 patients) and aortal (5 patients) valves on the open heart under conditions of extracorporeal circulation. Simultaneously direct revascularization of the myocardium (aorto-coronary and mammary-coronary shunts) was performed in 4 patients (1--with a mitral and 3--with aortal heart diseases).

[Two approaches to correction of disturbed hemostasis in patients with mechanical artificial heart valves at the long-term follow-up].

The investigation of the hemostasis system performed in 47 patients with mechanical heart valves (MHV) at the terms of (3.50 +/- 0.25) years included 30 men and 17 women.

[Experience in the use and comparative assessment of the effectiveness of crystalloid and blood cardioplegia].

Due to an increasing attention to questions of adequate protection of the myocardium and widely spread use of the method of blood cardioplegia the authors have made a comparative analysis of effectiveness of using 2 methods of cardioplegia--pharmacocrystalloid and cool blood antegrade cardioplegia: 34 patients were operated upon under conditions of extracorporeal blood circulation for aortic and mitral valve replacement. A comparison was made of 17 patients with intermittent antegrade cool crystalloid cardioplegia (group 1) and 17 patients with intermittent antegrade cold blood cardioplegia (group II). The results have shown that intermittent antegrade cool blood cardioplegia is a safe and effective method for myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass.

[Indices of chronic intravascular hemolysis in patients with different prosthetic heart valves in long-term follow-up].

An examination of 153 patients with valve replacement was performed at late stages of (6.8 +/- 0.2) years, in 84 patients the mitral valve replacement (MVR) was fulfilled, in 64--the aortic replacement (AVR) and in 5--two valve replacement were performed.

[Socioeconomic aspects of the increased volume of cardiosurgical treatment of children with congenital heart defects].

The authors made an analysis of social-economical conditions limiting the possibilities of rendering cardiosurgical care to children. Possible ways are mapped out allowing to increase the amount of operations on children with congenital heart diseases.

[The role of the Cell Saver autologous transfusion method in preventing the pulmonary distress syndrome during open-heart operations on children].

Complex estimation of the state of the lungs at the postperfusion and early postoperative periods based on roentgenological, clinical data, investigations of the parameters of oxygenation and mechanics of respiration was carried out in 32 children with septal defects of the heart, operated upon under conditions of artificial blood circulation with different kinds of the transfusion maintenance including the apparatus "Cell Saver 5" (CS) for the reinfusion of autoerythrocytes. The dynamics of endotoxicosis, hematological parameters during and after operation and requirements in transfusion media were studied. Differences in these indicators were established between the patients operated upon with the use of donor hemocomponents and those who were operated upon with CS.

[The medical aspects of the rehabilitation of patients with congenital heart defects and the problems of their social integration into modern society].

Treatment of 500 patients was used as a basis for the development of a complex stepwise programme of rehabilitation of patients with congenital heart diseases (CHD). It was noted that for a valuable social integration of people with CHD into the modern society it was necessary to perform not only the indicated, adequate and timely operations but also the inescapable measures for the improvement of their physical and psychophysiological adaptation. The following job in remote periods of observations of the patients operated upon must take into account its conformity to functional possibilities of energy expenditure for the chosen occupation and should be effected with the individually accessible (or indicated) level of the physical tension taken into consideration.

[Aortic valve prosthesis and the plication of a dissecting aneurysm of the ascending aorta in a patient with infectious endocarditis against a background of chronic kidney failure and its management by regular hemodialysis].

Some literature data are presented on the problem of cardiac surgery in patients with chronic renal insufficiency under regular hemodialysis and on the specificity of performing operations on such patients under conditions of artificial circulation. The authors describe their first experience of a one-step prosthezing of the aortal valve and plication of the dissecting aneurysm of the ascending part of the aorta in the patient receiving the regular hemodialysis during 5 years as well as the positive results of this original operation in dynamics of the first year of observations.

[Physical and occupational work capacity of surgical patients with pale-type congenital heart defects].

A comparative assessment of energy losses and functional shifts in the system of circulation and respiration in various types of the professional activity in 22 patients 14,7 +/- 1,38 years after successful radical operations for the open arterial duct, defects of interatrial and interventricular septa, 64 healthy people and 12 nonoperated patients with similar congenital heart diseases was made. The patients subjected to timely radical operations were shown to possess working capacity and ability. They can fulfill a professional work with light and average strain under systematic control.

[Use of indicators of anaerobic metabolism in the evaluation of the functional reserve of the cardiovascular system in patients operated on in the past for congenital heart defects].

The correlation of most important parameters of the central hemodynamics with the intensity of anaerobic metabolism was studied in 65 patients operated on having congenital heart diseases and in 37 healthy patients under increased physical exercise. A mild decrease of the functional reserve of the cardiovascular system (by 7-15%) was revealed in the patients as compared with the control group.

[Significance of studying hemodynamic reactions to physical exertion in the evaluation of work capacity of women after surgery for congenital heart defects].

The hemodynamic indices under conditions of growing physical exercise were studied in 15 healthy women and 17 patients operated for the congenital heart disease. The operated women were found to have a restricted ability to increase the stroke volume. The individual choice of the level of everyday domestic and professional activity should be made with special reference to individual hemodynamic reactions upon the physical exercise.