Supramolecular chirality in self-assembly of zinc protobacteriochlorophyll-d analogs possessing enantiomeric esterifying groups.

Zinc 3-hydroxymethyl-pyroprotopheophorbides-a esterified with a chiral secondary alcohol at the 17-propionate residue were prepared as bacteriochlorophyll-d analogs. The synthetic zinc 3-hydroxy-13-oxo-porphyrins self-aggregated in an aqueous Triton X-100 micellar solution to give red-shifted and broadened Soret and Qy absorption bands in comparison with their monomeric bands. The intense, exciton-coupled circular dichroism spectra of their self-aggregates were dependent on the chirality of the esterifying groups.

Invasive growth of in rice and increase of nuclear number.

Background: 'Rice ' is a solid culture of on steamed rice grains. Multiple parallel fermentation, wherein saccharification of rice by and alcohol fermentation by the budding yeast occur simultaneously, leads to the formation of a variety of ingredients of Japanese sake. In sake brewing, the degree of mycelial invasive growth into the steamed rice, called '-', highly correlates with the digestibility and quality of rice , since the hyphae growing into the rice secrete amylases and digest starch.