Distribution of dietary protein intake in daily meals influences skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the muscle clock.

The meal distribution of proteins throughout the day is usually skewed. However, its physiological implications and the effects of better protein distribution on muscle volume are largely unknown. Here, using the two-meals-per-day feeding model, we find that protein intake at the early active phase promotes overloading-induced muscle hypertrophy, in a manner dependent on the local muscle clock.

Day-Night Oscillation of Atrogin1 and Timing-Dependent Preventive Effect of Weight-Bearing on Muscle Atrophy.

Background: Atrogin1, which is one of the key genes for the promotion of muscle atrophy, exhibits day-night variation. However, its mechanism and the role of its day-night variation are largely unknown in a muscle atrophic context.

Methods: The mice were induced a muscle atrophy by hindlimb-unloading (HU).

Role of vitamin D in energy and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 6-month follow-up evaluation.

Aims/introduction: Resting energy expenditure was associated with a serum bone turnover marker in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (T2DMPW) in the present cross-sectional study. To clarify the fundamental pathological factor for the correlation of bone metabolism and basal metabolism in type 2 diabetes, a 6-month prospective follow-up study was carried out with supplementation of vitamin D.

Materials And Methods: A total of 44 T2DMPW were enrolled.

Antihypertensive and metabolic effects of hydrochlorothiazide versus amlodipine when added to losartan in patients with type 2 diabetes.

We performed a prospective, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group, per-protocol study to compare the effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) and amlodipine as add-on to losartan treatment in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 49 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate control of blood pressure while receiving losartan 50 mg were randomly allocated to receive a fixed-dose single-pill combination of HCTZ 12.5 mg plus losartan ( = 26) or a free combination of amlodipine 5 mg plus losartan ( = 23).

Association between basal metabolic function and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes.

Objective: Diabetes is a risk factor for osteoporosis, and glycemic control is critical during osteoporosis treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, diabetic therapies have potentially adverse effects on bone metabolism. Additionally, biomarkers for bone metabolism are directly affected by drug therapies for osteoporosis.

The circadian clock controls fluctuations of colonic cell proliferation during the light/dark cycle via feeding behavior in mice.

The mammalian circadian system is controlled not only by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but also by the peripheral clocks located in tissues such as liver, kidney, small intestine, and colon, mediated through signals such as hormones. Peripheral clocks, but not the SCN, can be entrained by food intake schedules. While it is known that cell proliferation exhibits a circadian rhythm in the colon epithelium, it is unclear how this rhythm is influenced by food intake schedules.

Effects of tryptophan-rich breakfast and light exposure during the daytime on melatonin secretion at night.

Background: The purpose of the present study is to investigate effects of tryptophan intake and light exposure on melatonin secretion and sleep by modifying tryptophan ingestion at breakfast and light exposure during the daytime, and measuring sleep quality (by using actigraphy and the OSA sleep inventory) and melatonin secretion at night.

Methods: Thirty three male University students (mean ± SD age: 22 ± 3.1 years) completed the experiments lasting 5 days and 4 nights.

Change in sleep state of the elderly before and after cataract surgery.

It seems likely that the influences of light upon circadian rhythms will decrease with aging, particularly those rhythms that are more influenced by light with a higher color temperature and richer in short wavelengths. More specifically, cataract patients' optical systems transmit light poorly, especially the shorter wavelengths that affect the circadian system more. The present study investigated melatonin secretion profiles and sleep patterns before and after cataract surgery.

Asymmetric dimethylarginine is closely associated with the development and progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. We conducted a prospective, observational cohort study to explore the relationship between plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase, and the development and progression of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: This was a hospital-based observational cohort study in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria [urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) <30 mg/g creatinine] or microalbuminuria (30 < or = ACR <300 mg/g creatinine).

Pulse pressure and chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

To determine the association between both age and degree of albuminuria and pulse pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes, we conducted this study consisting of two cross-sectional observations. A total of 833 ambulatory and 107 hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients with serum creatinine <2.00 mg/dl were studied.

Central distribution of neuronal cell bodies innervating the levator veli palatini muscle and associated pattern of myosin heavy chain isoform expression in rat.

The levator veli palatini (LVP) is a muscle that plays a very important role in the complex functions regulating velopharyngeal function. Although previous studies have indicated that the contraction properties of the LVP closely resemble those of the intrinsic laryngeal muscle, histological evidence has not yet been obtained. The LVP is generally considered to be innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve, which contains efferent and afferent components.

The distribution of respiration-related and swallowing-related motoneurons innervating the rat genioglossus muscle.

The present study was an attempt to identify the location of genioglossal respiratory and swallowing motoneuron cell bodies within the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus using both electrophysiological and morphological studies. The genioglossus muscle is innervated by the genioglossal branch of the medial XII nerve. At the entrance to the muscle, the genioglossal branch divides in the directions of the mandible and tongue.