Immortalization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Application in Regenerative Medicine and Their Potential Risks of Tumorigenesis.

Regenerative medicine utilizes stem cells to repair damaged tissues by replacing them with their differentiated cells and activating the body's inherent regenerative abilities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that possess tissue repair and regenerative capabilities and immunomodulatory properties with a much lower risk of tumorigenicity, making them a focus of numerous clinical trials worldwide. MSCs primarily exert their therapeutic effects through paracrine effects via secreted factors, such as cytokines and exosomes.

Enhancing Titanium Osteoconductivity by Alkali-Hot Water Treatment.

Titanium and its alloys are essential in orthopedic and dental treatments owing to their high strength, corrosion resistance, and superior biocompatibility compared with those of other metals. However, titanium alloys are bioinert. Previous studies have indicated that alkali treatment (AT) is a straightforward method to create a surface oxidization layer on titanium, thereby improving its bioactivity.

Exogenous Angiotensin-(1-7) Provides Protection Against Inflammatory Bone Resorption and Osteoclastogenesis by Inhibition of TNF-α Expression in Macrophages.

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. It is reported to be involved in mediating osteoclastogenesis and bone loss in diseases of inflammatory bone resorption such as osteoporosis. Angiotensin-(1-7), a product of Angiotensin I and II (Ang I, II), is cleaved by Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and then binds to Mas receptor to counteract inflammatory effects produced by Ang II.

Influence of feeding a soft diet on proteoglycan expression in rat temporomandibular joint discs.

Objectives: Extracellular matrix components play a significant role in maintaining tissue integrity and pathological processes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of a soft diet on the mRNA expression of proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) linked to proteoglycan core proteins in rat TMJ discs.

Methods: Thirty 4-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to one of two groups: a control group fed a regular pellet diet and a soft diet group fed a powdered diet for 4 weeks.

Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Treatment Effects and Post-Treatment Stability of Maxillary Molar Intrusion Using Temporary Anchorage Devices in Open Bite Malocclusion.

We investigated treatment outcomes and post-treatment stability in 10 patients with an anterior open bite and nonsurgical orthodontics. The patients underwent maxillary molar intrusion using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) to deepen the overbite due to mandibular autorotation. Lateral cephalograms and dental cast models were obtained before treatment (T0), immediately after it (T1), and >1 year after it (T2).

Effect of age on orthodontic tooth movement in mice.

Background/purpose: The number of middle-aged and elderly orthodontic patients is increasing due to changes in age composition. It is important to investigate the detailed mechanisms of bone remodeling in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in the elderly. However, there are few reports on the mechanism of tooth movement in the elderly.

(D-Ala)GIP Inhibits Inflammatory Bone Resorption by Suppressing TNF-α and RANKL Expression and Directly Impeding Osteoclast Formation.

Glucose-insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone that induces insulin secretion and decreases blood glucose levels. In addition, it has been reported to suppress osteoclast formation. Native GIP is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4).

Neutrophil extracellular traps inhibit osteoclastogenesis.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by neutrophils upon inflammation or infection, act as an innate immune defense against pathogens. NETs also influence inflammatory responses and cell differentiation in host cells. Osteoclasts, which are derived from myeloid stem cells, are critical for the bone remodeling by destroying bone.

Distribution of alpha-synuclein in rat salivary glands.

Expression of alpha-synuclein (Syn), a presynaptic neuronal protein, was immunohistochemically examined in intact rat submandibular, sublingual, and lingual glands. The submandibular gland contained abundant periductal Syn-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibers. Abundant Syn-ir varicosities were present in acini of the sublingual and serous lingual glands.

Generating Bone Marrow Chimeric Mouse Using GPR120 Deficient Mouse for the Study of DHA Inhibitory Effect on Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that exerts physiological effects via G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). In our previous studies, we figured out the inhibitory effects of DHA on TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor-α)-induced osteoclastogenesis via GPR120 in vivo. Moreover, DHA directly suppressed RANKL expression in osteoblasts via GPR120 in vitro.

Three-dimensional morphologic analysis of the maxillary alveolar bone after anterior tooth retraction with temporary anchorage devices.

Objectives: To investigate three-dimensional (3D) morphologic changes in the alveolar bone around the maxillary central incisors of patients who underwent premolar extraction and subsequent anterior tooth retraction using temporary anchorage devices (TADs).

Materials And Methods: The subjects consisted of 16 patients with bimaxillary protrusion. The maxillary anterior teeth were retracted using sliding or loop mechanics and TADs for anchorage reinforcement.

Azilsartan inhibits inflammation-triggered bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis via suppression of TNF-α expression in macrophages.

Introduction: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with increased bone loss due to excessive activity of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensinogen/Angiotensin (ANG) II/Angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis is considered as the core axis regulating RAS activity. Azilsartan is an FDA-approved selective AT1R antagonist that is used to treat hypertension.

The role of TRPV2 as a regulator on the osteoclast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement in rats.

When orthodontic forces are applied to teeth, bone remodeling, which consists of bone resorption and bone formation, occurs around the teeth. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) is a cation channel expressed in various cell types that responds to various stimuli, including mechanical stress, and involved in calcium oscillations during the early stages of osteoclast differentiation. However, in vivo expression of TRPV2 in osteoclasts has not yet been reported, and temporo-spatial expression of TRPV2 during osteoclast differentiation is unclear.

Fermented Rice Bran Supplementation Inhibits LPS-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption in Mice.

Fermented rice bran (FRB) is known to have numerous beneficial bioactivities, amongst which is its anti-inflammatory properties when used as a supplement. To determine its effects, we examined osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption caused by injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using mice with and without FRB supplementation. The results were favorable: those that received FRB showed reduced osteoclast numbers and bone resorption compared to those with the control diet.

The osteocyte and its osteoclastogenic potential.

The skeleton is an organ of dual functionality; on the one hand, it provides protection and structural competence. On the other hand, it participates extensively in coordinating homeostasis globally given that it is a mineral and hormonal reservoir. Bone is the only tissue in the body that goes through strategically consistent bouts of bone resorption to ensure its integrity and organismal survival in a temporally and spatially coordinated process, known as bone remodeling.

A Promising Needle-Free Pyro-Drive Jet Injector for Augmentation of Immunity by Intradermal Injection as a Physical Adjuvant.

Current worldwide mRNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 by intramuscular injection using a needled syringe has greatly protected numerous people from COVID-19. An intramuscular injection is generally well tolerated, safer and easier to perform on a large scale, whereas the skin has the benefit of the presence of numerous immune cells, such as professional antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Therefore, intradermal injection is considered superior to intramuscular injection for the induction of protective immunity, but more proficiency is required for the injection.

Potent antitumor effects of the conditioned medium of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via IGFBP-4.

Cell transfer therapy using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has pronounced therapeutic potential, but concerns remain about immune rejection, emboli formation, and promotion of tumor progression. Because the mode of action of MSCs highly relies on their paracrine effects through secretion of bioactive molecules, cell-free therapy using the conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs is an attractive option. However, the effects of MSC-CM on tumor progression have not been fully elucidated.

Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and orthodontic tooth movement through GPR120.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that has a range of positive impacts on human health, including anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of osteoclast formation G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). Orthodontic force was reported to induce tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression, which activates osteoclast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of DHA on TNF-α-induced osteoclast formation and OTM .

IL-33 induces histidine decarboxylase, especially in c-kit cells and mast cells, and roles of histamine include negative regulation of IL-33-induced eosinophilia.

Objective And Methods: IL-33 is present in endothelial, epithelial, and fibroblast-like cells and released upon cell injury. IL-33 reportedly induces mast-cell degranulation and is involved in various diseases, including allergic diseases. So, IL-33-related diseases seem to overlap with histamine-related diseases.

Protective effects of conditioned media of immortalized stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth on pressure ulcer formation.

Pressure ulcers (PUs) are increasing with aging worldwide, but there is no effective causal therapy. Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote cutaneous wound healing, the effects of the conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs on cutaneous PU formation induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury have been poorly investigated. To address this issue, herein, we first established an immortalized stem cell line from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).

Chemical- and Drug-Induced Allergic, Inflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases Via Haptenation.

Haptens are small molecules that only elicit an immune response when bound to proteins. Haptens initially bind to self-proteins and activate innate immune responses by complex mechanisms via inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns and the subsequent upregulation of costimulatory signals such as cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) on dendritic cells. Subsequent interactions between CD86 and CD28 on T cells are critically important for properly activating naive T cells and inducing interleukin 2 production, leading to the establishment of adaptive immunity via effector and memory T cells.

Upregulation of CD86 and IL-12 by rhododendrol in THP-1 cells cocultured with melanocytes through ROS and ATP.

Background: The tyrosinase inhibitor rhododendrol (RD), used as a skin whitening agent, reportedly has the potential to induce leukoderma.

Objective: Although an immune response toward melanocytes was demonstrated to be involved in leukoderma, the molecular mechanism is not fully understood.

Methods: We hypothesized that if RD is a pro-hapten and tyrosinase-oxidized RD metabolites are melanocyte-specific sensitizers, the sensitizing process could be reproduced by the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) cocultured with melanocytes (h-CLATw/M) composed of human DC THP-1 cells and melanoma SK-MEL-37 cells.

Histamine acts via H4-receptor stimulation to cause augmented inflammation when lipopolysaccharide is co-administered with a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate.

Objective And Methods: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs, anti-bone-resorptive agents) have inflammatory side-effects. Alendronate (Ale, an NBP) intradermally injected into mouse ear-pinnae together with LPS (bacterial cell-wall component) induces augmented ear-swelling that depends on IL-1 and neutrophils. Using this model, we examined histamine's involvement in Ale + LPS-induced inflammation.

Induction of potent antitumor immunity by intradermal DNA injection using a novel needle-free pyro-drive jet injector.

The current success of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 has highlighted the effectiveness of mRNA and DNA vaccinations. Recently, we demonstrated that a novel needle-free pyro-drive jet injector (PJI) effectively delivers plasmid DNA into the skin, resulting in protein expression higher than that achieved with a needle syringe. Here, we used ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen to investigate the potential of the PJI for vaccination against cancers.

Titanium nanotopography induces osteocyte lacunar-canalicular networks to strengthen osseointegration.

Osteocyte network architecture is closely associated with bone turnover. The cellular mechanosensing system regulates osteocyte dendrite formation by enhancing focal adhesion. Therefore, titanium surface nanotopography might affect osteocyte network architecture and improve the peri-implant bone tissue quality, leading to strengthened osseointegration of bone-anchored implants.