Stimulation of the adenosine A3 receptor, not the A1 or A2 receptors, promote neurite outgrowth of retinal ganglion cells.

Among candidate neuroprotective agents, adenosine is thought to be a possible treatment for central nervous system disorders. Adenosine elicits biological effects through four G protein-coupled receptors (A, A, A, and A). The A and A receptors stimulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) and increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, whereas A and A receptors inhibit AC and decrease cAMP levels.

Inhibitory effects of homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 on the aorta-gonad-mesonephros hematopoiesis.

Definitive hematopoiesis starts in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of the mouse embryo. Our previous studies revealed that STAT3, a gp130 downstream transcription factor, is required for AGM hematopoiesis and that homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) phosphorylates serine-727 of STAT3. HIPK2 is a serine/threonine kinase known to be involved in transcriptional repression and apoptosis.

SEK1/MKK4-mediated SAPK/JNK signaling participates in embryonic hepatoblast proliferation via a pathway different from NF-kappaB-induced anti-apoptosis.

Mice lacking the stress-signaling kinase SEK1 die from embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) to E12.