Exosome Classification by Pattern Analysis of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Data for Lung Cancer Diagnosis.

Owing to the role of exosome as a cargo for intercellular communication, especially in cancer metastasis, the evidence has been consistently accumulated that exosomes can be used as a noninvasive indicator of cancer. Consequently, several studies applying exosome have been proposed for cancer diagnostic methods such as ELISA assay. However, it has been still challenging to get reliable results due to the requirement of a labeling process and high concentration of exosome.

Use of signal sequences as an in situ removable sequence element to stimulate protein synthesis in cell-free extracts.

This study developed a method to boost the expression of recombinant proteins in a cell-free protein synthesis system without leaving additional amino acid residues. It was found that the nucleotide sequences of the signal peptides serve as an efficient downstream box to stimulate protein synthesis when they were fused upstream of the target genes. The extent of stimulation was critically affected by the identity of the second codons of the signal sequences.

Enhancing the efficiency of cell-free protein synthesis through the polymerase-chain-reaction-based addition of a translation enhancer sequence and the in situ removal of the extra amino acid residues.

A method for the rapid generation of intact proteins in a cell-free protein synthesis system was developed. The productivity of the recombinant proteins from the polymerase-chain-reaction-amplified templates was enhanced remarkably using an optimized translation enhancer sequence. The extra amino acid residues derived from the translation enhancer sequence were effectively removed by utilizing the appropriate detergent and peptide cleavage enzyme in the reaction mixture.