The pyruvate-GPR31 axis promotes transepithelial dendrite formation in human intestinal dendritic cells.

The intestinal lumen is rich in gut microbial metabolites that serve as signaling molecules for gut immune cells. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) sense metabolites and can act as key mediators that translate gut luminal signals into host immune responses. However, the impacts of gut microbe-GPCR interactions on human physiology have not been fully elucidated.

Identification of a unique subset of tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells in Crohn's disease.

T cells differentiate into highly diverse subsets and display plasticity depending on the environment. Although lymphocytes are key mediators of inflammation, functional specialization of T cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been effectively described. Here, we performed deep profiling of T cells in the intestinal mucosa of IBD and identified a CD4 tissue-resident memory T cell (Trm) subset that is increased in Crohn's disease (CD) showing unique inflammatory properties.