Suppression of subgingival bacteria by antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using transgingival irradiation: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an effective method for eradicating bacteria in periodontal therapy. Standard aPDT requires the insertion of a laser tip into a periodontal pocket, in which the direction of irradiation is limited. Therefore, we devised an aPDT method that uses a transgingival near-infrared wavelength and indocyanine green-encapsulated and chitosan-coated nanoparticles as a photosensitizer.

Photodynamic Inactivation of an Endodontic Bacteria Using Diode Laser and Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanosphere.

Apical periodontitis, an inflammatory lesion causing bone resorption around the apex of teeth, is treated by eradicating infectious bacteria from the root canal. However, it has a high recurrence rate and often requires retreatment. We investigated the bactericidal effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)/photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using indocyanine green (ICG)-loaded nanospheres coated with chitosan and a diode laser on a biofilm of , a pathogen of refractory apical periodontitis.

Estimation of the Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area by Simple Oral Examination.

The periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) is a useful index for clinical and epidemiological assessments, since it can represent the inflammation status of patients in one contentious variable. However, calculation of the PISA is difficult, requiring six point probing depth measurements with or without bleeding on probing on 28 teeth, followed by data input in a calculation program. More simple methods are essential for screening periodontal disease or in epidemiological studies.

Highly efficient on-chip excitation of orthogonal-polarized gap plasmons for a dense polarization multiplexing circuit.

We propose an on-chip excitation structure for orthogonal-polarized gap plasmons in polarization multiplexing photonic integrated circuits. The structure consists of a Au nanostripe and tapered gap for refractive index matching to a nano-scale gap plasmonic waveguide; it was fabricated on the top surface of a dielectric-stripe-type waveguide. The excitation ratio from the dielectric-stripe-surface mode to the metallic-gap mode was estimated to be 0.

Plasmonic slow light device using superfocusing on a bow-tied metallic waveguide.

We demonstrate a plasmonic slow light device using super focusing on a bow-tied metallic waveguide that can be fabricated using complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible processes. By solving the characteristic equation of a bow-tied metallic waveguide, we confirmed that the group indices increased as the waveguide width decreased and that they could attain over 11.0 in the telecommunication wavelength band.

Versatile Approach for Reducing Propagation Loss in Wet-Electrospun Polymer Fiber Waveguides.

Wet-electrospun (WES) polymer micron and submicron fibers are promising building blocks for small, flexible optical fiber devices, such as waveguides, sensors, and lasers. WES polymer fibers have an inherent cylindrical geometry similar to that of optical fibers and a relatively large aspect ratio. Furthermore, WES fibers can be produced using low-cost and low-energy manufacturing techniques with large-area fabrication and a large variety of materials.

Site-level progression of periodontal disease during a follow-up period.

Periodontal disease is assessed and its progression is determined via observations on a site-by-site basis. Periodontal data are complex and structured in multiple levels; thus, applying a summary statistical approach (i.e.

Angiopoietin-like protein 2 regulates Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human gingival epithelial cells.

Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) maintains tissue homeostasis by inducing inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced in infiltrating immune cells or resident cells, such as adipocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and tumor cells. We hypothesized that ANGPTL2 might play an important role as a unique mediator in both systemic and periodontal disease.

New Irradiation Method with Indocyanine Green-Loaded Nanospheres for Inactivating Periodontal Pathogens.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an adjunctive strategy for periodontitis treatments. However, use of aPDT for periodontal treatment is complicated by the difficulty in accessing morphologically complex lesions such as furcation involvement, which the irradiation beam (which is targeted parallel to the tooth axis into the periodontal pocket) cannot access directly. The aim of this study was to validate a modified aPDT method that photosensitizes indocyanine green-loaded nanospheres through the gingivae from outside the pocket using a diode laser.

Plasmonic-multimode-interference-based logic circuit with simple phase adjustment.

All-optical logic circuits using surface plasmon polaritons have a potential for high-speed information processing with high-density integration beyond the diffraction limit of propagating light. However, a number of logic gates that can be cascaded is limited by complicated signal phase adjustment. In this study, we demonstrate a half-adder operation with simple phase adjustment using plasmonic multimode interference (MMI) devices, composed of dielectric stripes on a metal film, which can be fabricated by a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS)-compatible process.

Assessment of oral malodor and tonsillar microbiota after gargling with benzethonium chloride.

The oropharyngeal area can be a source of halitosis. However, the relationship between healthy tonsillar microbiota and halitosis is poorly understood. We conducted a pilot clinical study to clarify the effect of gargling with an antiseptic agent on tonsillar microbiota in patients with halitosis.

Randomized Placebo-Controlled and Controlled Non-Inferiority Phase III Trials Comparing Trafermin, a Recombinant Human Fibroblast Growth Factor 2, and Enamel Matrix Derivative in Periodontal Regeneration in Intrabony Defects.

We investigated the efficacy, safety, and clinical significance of trafermin, a recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhFGF)-2, for periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects in Phase III trials. Study A, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, was conducted at 24 centers. Patients with periodontitis with 4-mm and 3-mm or deeper probing pocket depth and intrabony defects, respectively, were included.

Adjunctive Application of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy in Nonsurgical Periodontal Treatment: A Review of Literature.

Periodontal disease is caused by dental plaque biofilms, and the removal of these biofilms from the root surface of teeth plays a central part in its treatment. The conventional treatment for periodontal disease fails to remove periodontal infection in a subset of cases, such as those with complicated root morphology. Adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an additional treatment for this infectious disease.

Morphological alterations of periodontal pocket epithelium following Nd:YAG laser irradiation.

Objective: The purpose of this in vivo study was to examine morphologic alterations in the periodontal pocket epithelium with presence or absence of clinical inflammation following the use of the Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser irradiation.

Background Data: Subgingival Nd:YAG laser irradiation has been proposed as an alternative technique for treatment of chronic periodontitis. Several published studies have reported the clinical outcomes of such treatment.

Nd:YAG laser irradiation of the tooth root surface inhibits demineralization and root surface softening caused by minocycline application.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of laser irradiation on root surface demineralization caused by local drug delivery systems (DDS), and to evaluate the effect of sealing on drug retention.

Background Data: The duration of supportive periodontal treatment (SPT) has increased with increasing life expectancy. Repeated root planing and DDS application during SPT should be reconsidered with regard to their effects on the root surface.

Irradiation with a low-level diode laser induces the developmental endothelial locus-1 gene and reduces proinflammatory cytokines in epithelial cells.

We demonstrated previously that low-level diode laser irradiation with an indocyanine green-loaded nanosphere coated with chitosan (ICG-Nano/c) had an antimicrobial effect, and thus could be used for periodontal antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Since little is known about the effects of aPDT on periodontal tissue, we here investigated the effect of low-level laser irradiation, with and without ICG-Nano/c, on cultured epithelial cells. Human oral epithelial cells were irradiated in a repeated pulse mode (duty cycle, 10 %; pulse width, 100 ms; peak power output, 5 W).

Salivary biomarkers for predicting the progression of chronic periodontitis.

Objective: Predicting the progression of periodontitis would allow for targeted supportive periodontal therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the usefulness of salivary biomarkers for predicting the progression of periodontitis.

Design: Eighty-five chronic periodontitis patients were enrolled in an 18-month longitudinal study.

Periodontal tissue regeneration using fibroblast growth factor-2: randomized controlled phase II clinical trial.

Background: The options for medical use of signaling molecules as stimulators of tissue regeneration are currently limited. Preclinical evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 can promote periodontal regeneration. This study aimed to clarify the activity of FGF-2 in stimulating regeneration of periodontal tissue lost by periodontitis and to evaluate the safety of such stimulation.

Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation on the root surface: morphologic analysis and efficiency of calculus removal.

Background: This in vitro study was performed to determine the appropriate power output setting for an erbium, chromium-doped:yttrium, scandium, gallium, and garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser used in periodontal pocket irradiation by examining the morphologic alterations of the root surfaces and the efficiency of calculus removal.

Methods: Sixty-five non-carious extracted human teeth were used in this study. For morphologic analysis of the root surface, the clean, single roots of 22 teeth were separated into 91 pieces, and these pieces were immersed in acrylic resin.

A model of spontaneous periodontitis in the miniature goat.

Background: The pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease have been extensively studied through the use of animal models. However, no animal model has yet been established that is precisely similar to periodontitis in humans. In the present study, we examined the use of Shiba goats as a model for spontaneous periodontitis.

[Chemotherapy as a periodontal treatment].

As the number of aged periodontal patients with systemic disease has increased, it is important to consider the risk of periodontal surgery. Combination of non-surgical periodontal and local/systemic chemotherapy has reported to improve outcome of patients significantly. Local/systemic chemotherapy is also effective for periodontal disease on dental implant.

Combined effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation with local antibiotic application into periodontal pockets.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation into periodontal pockets with or without the combination of local antibiotic application on clinical parameters and microbiological prevalence. Sixteen patients, each of whom had 4 or more sites with probing depth e x 4mm were included in this study. They were monitored clinically and microbiologically at baseline, 1 and 3 months after the treatment.