Probing Surface Dynamics of SiO Thin-Film Electrodes during Cycling through X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Operando X-Ray Reflectivity.

SiO electrodes are promising for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their ability to mitigate volume expansion-induced degradation. Here, we investigate the surface dynamics of SiO thin-film electrodes cycled in different carbonate-based electrolytes using a combination of ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and operando synchrotron X-ray reflectivity analyses. The thin-film geometry allows us to probe the depth-dependent chemical composition and electron density from surface to current collector through the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the active material, and the thickness evolution during cycling.

Commensal bacteria coated by secretory immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs and calves.

A large amount of secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) is secreted in the alimentary tract of mammals. It has been reported that S-IgA coats a portion of commensal intestinal bacteria in human and mouse. However, S-IgA-coated bacteria have not been studied in pigs and calves.