Development of Nested PCR for SARS-CoV-2 Detection and Its Application for Diagnosis of Active Infection in Cats.

SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and found diagnostic laboratories unprepared worldwide. To meet the need for timely and accurate virus detection, laboratories used rapid Ag tests and PCR kits based on costly multi-channel real-time techniques. This study aimed to develop a conventional nested PCR based on the SARS-CoV-2 N gene, validate it against some approved assays, and apply it to samples from six cats with respiratory symptoms obtained in early 2020 during the first COVID-19 wave in humans in Bulgaria.

Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of non-invasive S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from PCV10-vaccinated children in Bulgaria.

Purpose: The non-invasive pneumococcal disease (NIPD) is a common infection during childhood. We aimed to define the clonal spread of pediatric non-invasive isolates recovered during the PCV10-period in Bulgaria concerning the serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility.

Materials And Methods: Serogrouping/serotyping were performed using latex agglutination and capsular swelling reaction.

Clonal Distribution, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Pilus Islets in S. pneumoniae Isolates from PCV10-Vaccinated Children with Suppurative AOM in Bulgaria (2015‒2020).

Streptococcus pneumoniae is still a leading bacterial pathogen of acute otitis media (AOM), despite the availability of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs). We conducted a study on the population structure, antibiotic nonsusceptibility, serotype distribution, and presence of pilus in middle ear fluids ‒ S. pneumoniae isolates recovered from PCV10-vaccinated children with suppurative АОМ in Bulgaria.

Relationship between MLSB resistance and the prevalent virulence genotypes among Bulgarian Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics, the mechanisms underlying this resistance and to evaluate their relationship with virulence genes profiles of 435 Bulgarian clinical isolates Staphylococcus aureus. The highest resistance was observed to penicillin (96.09%), followed by resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (34.

Rifamycin use for treatment of infection: a review of recent data.

eradication has become increasingly challenging. We focused on recent data about rifamycin resistance and rifamycin-containing regimens. Rifampin (rifampicin) resistance rates were <1-18.

First Report of DHA-1 Producing Enterobacter cloacae Complex Isolate in Bulgaria.

The Aim: of the present study was to reveal the characteristics of an.

Materials And Methods: Susceptibility testing, conjugation experiments, isoelectric focusing, PCR and sequencing were carrying out.

Results: Of 176.

Molecular-genetic Method for Fast Direct Detection of and Methicillin Resistance in Blood Cultures and Punctures.

Background: Invasive infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRSA/MRSCoN) require fast, adequate treatment.

The Aim: of this study was to develop a faster protocol for direct detection of MRSA/MRSCoN in blood cultures and in abscess punctures based on mecA and species specific identification of S. aureus by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR).

Activity of delafloxacin versus that of levofloxacin against anaerobic and microaerophilic isolates.

The aim of the study was to comparatively assess delafloxacin and levofloxacin activities against 96 anaerobic and some microaerophilic isolates. Delafloxacin minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were strikingly lower than those of levofloxacin. Delafloxacin MIC against clostridia, other Gram-positive rods, anaerobic/microaerophilic cocci and Gram-negative rods were 0.

Delafloxacin against Helicobacter pylori, a potential option for improving eradication success?

Increase in Helicobacter pylori resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported in many countries. The aim of the study was to compare, for the first time to our knowledge, levofloxacin and delafloxacin activities against H. pylori, including numerous levofloxacin- and multidrug resistant strains.

Molecular emm typing of Bulgarian macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes isolates.

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is a human pathogen causing a broad range of infections, linked with global morbidity and mortality. Macrolide resistance rates vary significantly in different parts of the world. Driving factors of the emergence and spread of resistant clones are not clearly understood.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of serogroup 6 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected during 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Bulgaria.

Serogroup 6 remains common in the pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine era in Bulgaria; therefore, we investigated its clonal and serotype dynamics. The antibiotic susceptibilities were assessed by broth microdilution. Strains identified as serogroup 6 with latex agglutination method were subjected to serotype-specific PCRs.

Multidrug resistance in anaerobes.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in anaerobes is not a well-known topic. group isolates have numerous resistance determinants such as multidrug efflux pumps, and genes and activating insertion sequences, and some isolates exhibited extensive drug-resistant patterns. MDR rates in group were from 1.

Multidrug resistance in : current state and future directions.

: antibiotic resistance has increased worldwide and multidrug resistance (MDR), which seriously hampers eradication success of the frequent chronic infection, has often been reported. : MDR rates are discussed, mostly from recent articles published since 2015. Present approaches and future directions to counteract the MDR are outlined.

Relation between types and virulence gene profiles among Bulgarian clinical isolates.

The gene, which encodes M protein, is an important epidemiological marker. The aim of this study is to determine the genotypes of Bulgarian clinical streptococccal isolates in 2014-2018 and to evaluate their relationship with virulence genes profiling and disease types. PCR and sequencing were used for genotyping of 182 clinical isolates according to the protocol of the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention.

Quinolone resistance mechanisms among third-generation cephalosporin resistant isolates of spp. in a Bulgarian university hospital.

There have been no reports in Bulgaria about quinolone resistance determinants among spp. To investigate plasmid and chromosomal quinolone resistance rates among 175 third-generation cephalosporin resistant spp. isolates (167 complex and eight isolates) collected at a university hospital in Varna, Bulgaria, as well as to reveal their association with ESBL/AmpC production and a carriage of specific plasmid replicon types.

Recurrent Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection in a patient suffering from inflammatory bowel disease and benefits of resistotyping.

Two-year Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile recurrences in a boy with ulcerative colitis are described. Isolates were toxin A/B positive and nonhypervirulent, and resistotypes of 2017 isolates differed from those in 2016, suggesting a reinfection, later confirmed by multilocus sequence typing (ST49 and ST92, respectively). Resistotypes may show the need of genotypic analysis.

Multicentre investigation of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in Bulgarian hospitals - Interregional spread of ST11 NDM-1-producing K. pneumoniae.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of beta-lactam-resistance and the clonal relatedness of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates, collected consecutively in eight centers in five Bulgarian cities from November 2014 to March 2018. Carbapenemase-producing enterobacteria were detected in all but one centers. Overall, 104 K.