The mycomembrane differentially and heterogeneously restricts antibiotic permeation.

The recalcitrance of to antibiotic treatment has been broadly attributed to the impermeability of the organism's outer mycomembrane. However, the studies that support this inference have been indirect and/or reliant on bulk population measurements. We previously developed the P eptidoglycan A ccessibility C lick- M ediated A ssessme N t (PAC-MAN) method to covalently trap azide-modified small molecules in the peptidoglycan cell wall of live mycobacteria, after they have traversed the mycomembrane.

Prevalent Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Young Adults Returning Home From Jail: The Need for Trauma-Informed Reentry Services.

Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the extent to which they relate to health among young adults (ages 18-25) returning home from jail is underexamined. To build on the growing literature examining associations between ACE exposure among young people involved with carceral systems and health, we (1) measured ACE prevalence and (2) explored associations between ACEs and health/well-being indicators among young adults experiencing reentry. Using a telephone survey on reentry experiences, participants completed an ACE screening, single-item responses on health and social indicators, and five-item responses on substance misuse.

CYP3A4 Poor and Intermediate Metabolizers Have a Higher Rate of Steroid-Induced Intraocular Pressure Response.

Purpose: Evaluate the relationship between CYP3A4 phenotype, the gene encoding the enzyme that metabolizes exogenous steroids, and the rate of steroid-induced intraocular pressure (IOP) response.

Materials And Methods: Lymphocyte-derived DNA sequencing of CYP3A4 from 10073 patients was completed using the PGRN-Seq assay. Subjects with CYP3A4 intermediate metabolizer or slower phenotypes were identified and compared with controls matched by age, race, and sex.

Health and Care Needs of Young Adults Exiting Jail.

Reentry is a difficult juncture for young adults (ages 18-24 years), who simultaneously face challenges of emerging adulthood. Although their health-related needs may be substantial, little is reported on young adults' reentry health care and social service needs. Furthermore, empirical measurements of factors affecting their engagement in reentry services after jail are lacking.

Factors inhibiting institutional responses to domestic violence in Kyrgyzstan.

The study identifies factors that limit effective institutional responses to domestic violence (DV) in Kyrgyzstan, in the context of recent legislative actions aimed at reducing DV through improvements in law enforcement, judicial processes, and provision of social services. The study uses qualitative, grounded theory methods to analyze interviews and focus groups with 83 professionals working in these sectors. Two major themes emerge from the analysis: (1) barriers to effective institutional responses from internal challenges and constraints, and (2) social resources and challenges identified as important to provide a better collective response.

Adolescent Cannabis Misuse Scale: Longitudinal Associations with Substance Use, Mental Health, and Social Determinants of Health in Early Adulthood.

Background: Some patterns of cannabis use may presage risk for long-term negative effects. We examined associations between a novel adolescent cannabis misuse scale and early-adult life course outcomes.

Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of a cohort of Los Angeles, CA high school students from grade 9 through age 21.

Outcome of the AVID College Preparatory Program on Adolescent Health: A Randomized Trial.

Background And Objectives: Academic tracking is a widespread practice, separating students by prior academic performance. Clustering lower performing students together may unintentionally reinforce risky peer social networks, school disengagement, and risky behaviors. If so, mixing lower performing with high performing youth ("untracking") may be protective, leading to better adolescent health.

Perceptions of School Climate Shape Adolescent Health Behavior: A Longitudinal Multischool Study.

Background: Adolescent behaviors and academic outcomes are thought to be shaped by school climate. We sought to identify longitudinal associations between school climate measures and downstream health and academic outcomes.

Methods: Data from a longitudinal survey of public high school students in Los Angeles were analyzed.

Association of Attending a High-Performing High School With Substance Use Disorder Rate and Health Outcomes in Young Adults.

Importance: Interventions directly targeting social factors, such as education, may have the potential to greatly improve health.

Objective: To examine the association of attending a high-performing public charter high school with rates of substance use disorder and physical and mental health.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study used the random school admissions lottery system of high-performing public charter high schools in low-income neighborhoods of Los Angeles, California, to examine the health outcomes of students who applied to at least 1 of 5 of these high schools.

Correction: Gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Turning Vicious Cycles Into Virtuous Ones: the Potential for Schools to Improve the Life Course.

Adolescence is a critical transition period that sets the stage for adulthood and future health outcomes. Marked by key developmental milestones in brain maturation, increasing independence from parents, and greater connections to peers, adolescence is also a time of heightened risk for behavioral health problems, including substance use, violence, delinquency, and mental health issues. High school completion is a significant life course event and a powerful social determinant of health and health disparities.

A symphony within: Frequent participation in performing arts predicts higher positive mental health in young adults.

Rationale: Positive mental health is a critical component of overall mental health, but our understanding of the potential drivers of positive mental health is lacking. Participation in the arts may contribute to positive mental health through the mechanism of flow, a mental state of becoming completely engrossed in an enjoyable activity. Participation in performing arts specifically may be especially predictive of positive mental health due to its collective nature.

Gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors.

Objectives: Although racial stigma in school is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors, there are no studies investigating how gender stigma relates to adolescent risky health behaviors among low-income, minority youth. We sought to determine whether gender stigma awareness is associated with adolescent risky health behaviors (delinquency, fighting, and substance use) and whether this association is mediated by school disengagement (low perceived teacher support, low school engagement, cutting classes, and breaking school rules) among low-income, minority students.

Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional survey data, collected from 2017 to 2019, from 412 high school students.

The longitudinal relationship of school climate with adolescent social and emotional health.

Background: Schools and school climate are thought to influence academic outcomes as well as child and adolescent development, health and well-being. We sought to examine the relationship between several aspects of the school climate with adolescent social-emotional health outcomes.

Methods: We analysed data from the Reducing Inequities through Social and Educational change Follow-up (RISE UP) Study, a longitudinal natural experimental study of Los Angeles high school students collected from 2013 to 2018.

Mechanobiological conditioning of mesenchymal stem cells for enhanced vascular regeneration.

Using endogenous mesenchymal stem cells for treating myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular conditions typically results in poor efficacy, in part owing to the heterogeneity of the harvested cells and of the patient responses. Here, by means of high-throughput screening of the combinatorial space of mechanical-strain level and of the presence of particular kinase inhibitors, we show that human mesenchymal stem cells can be mechanically and pharmacologically conditioned to enhance vascular regeneration in vivo. Mesenchymal stem cells conditioned to increase the activation of signalling pathways mediated by Smad2/3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3) and YAP (Yes-associated protein) expressed markers that are associated with pericytes and endothelial cells, displayed increased angiogenic activity in vitro, and enhanced the formation of vasculature in mice after subcutaneous implantation and after implantation in ischaemic hindlimbs.

A high throughput screening system for studying the effects of applied mechanical forces on reprogramming factor expression.

Mechanical forces are important in the regulation of physiological homeostasis and the development of disease. The application of mechanical forces to cultured cells is often performed using specialized systems that lack the flexibility and throughput of other biological techniques. In this study, we developed a high throughput platform for applying complex dynamic mechanical forces to cultured cells.

Chaos in Schools and Its Relationship to Adolescent Risk Behaviors.

Objective: Chaos in the home is associated with worse childhood behaviors. We hypothesize chaos in the school environment might also be associated with teen risk behaviors.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Reducing Inequities through Social and Educational change Follow-Up study, a natural experiment designed to examine the impact of high-performing schools on adolescent outcomes.

Association of a Care Bundle for Early Sepsis Management With Mortality Among Patients With Hospital-Onset or Community-Onset Sepsis.

Importance: The Early Management Bundle for Severe Sepsis/Septic Shock (SEP-1) is a quality metric based on a care bundle for early sepsis management. Published evidence on the association of SEP-1 with mortality is mixed and largely excludes cases of hospital-onset sepsis.

Objective: To assess the association of the SEP-1 bundle with mortality and organ dysfunction in cohorts with hospital-onset or community-onset sepsis.

Adherence to the SEP-1 Sepsis Bundle in Hospital-Onset v. Community-Onset Sepsis: a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Sepsis is the leading cause of in-hospital death. The SEP-1 sepsis bundle is a protocol for early sepsis care that requires providers to diagnose and treat sepsis quickly. Limited evidence suggests that adherence to the sepsis bundle is lower in cases of hospital-onset sepsis.

THE SOCIAL ECONOMICS OF ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR AND MEASURING THE BEHAVIORAL CULTURE OF SCHOOLS.

Objectives: Schools are thought to have an important impact on adolescent behaviors, but the mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesize that there are measurable constructs of peer- and teacher-related extrinsic motivations for adolescent behaviors and sought to develop measures of school culture that would capture these constructs.

Methods: We developed several survey items to assess school behavioral culture and collected self-reported data from a sample of adolescents age 14-17 attending high school in low income neighborhoods of Los Angeles.

Engaging Parents to Prevent Adolescent Substance Use: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To test whether providing information to parents about their child's academic performance and behavior in school will lead to lower rates of adolescent substance use. We performed a randomized controlled trial in Los Angeles, California. We enrolled 318 seventh graders and their parents in 2014 and collected data through 2016.