Non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma following surgery: long-term outcomes and development of an optimal follow-up strategy.

Objectives: Recurrence and regrowth of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas (NFPMs) after surgery are common but remain unpredictable. Therefore, the optimal timing and frequency of follow-up imaging remain to be determined. We sought to determine the long-term surgical outcomes of NFPMs following surgery and develop an optimal follow-up strategy.

influences long-term disability progression and tissue damage on MRI in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis.

Background: Whether genetic factors influence the long-term course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unresolved.

Objective: To determine the influence of on long-term disease course in a homogeneous cohort of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients.

Methods: One hundred seven patients underwent clinical and MRI assessment at the time of CIS and after 1, 3, 5 and 15 years.

The prognostic significance of early blood neurofilament light chain concentration and magnetic resonance imaging variables in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis.

Background: Improved prognostication remains vital in multiple sclerosis to inform personalized treatment approaches. Blood neurofilament light (bNfL) is a promising prognostic biomarker, but to what extent it provides additional information, independent of established MRI metrics, is yet to be established.

Methods: We obtained all available bNfL data for 133 patients from a longitudinal observational cohort study.

Performance of the 2017 and 2010 Revised McDonald Criteria in Predicting MS Diagnosis After a Clinically Isolated Syndrome: A MAGNIMS Study.

Background And Objectives: To compare the performance of the 2017 revisions to the McDonald criteria with the 2010 McDonald criteria in establishing multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnosis and predicting prognosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) suggestive of MS.

Methods: CSF examination and brain and spinal cord MRI obtained ≤5 months from CIS onset and a follow-up brain MRI acquired within 15 months from CIS onset were evaluated in 785 patients with CIS from 9 European centers. Date of second clinical attack and of reaching Expanded Disability Status Scale score (EDSS) ≥3.

A 30-Year Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Observational Study of Multiple Sclerosis and Clinically Isolated Syndromes.

Objective: Clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) are highly variable. We aim to determine the long-term clinical outcomes in MS, and to identify early prognostic features of these outcomes.

Methods: One hundred thirty-two people presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome were prospectively recruited between 1984 and 1987, and followed up clinically and radiologically 1, 5, 10, 14, 20, and now 30 years later.

Early imaging predictors of long-term outcomes in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis.

The clinical course of relapse-onset multiple sclerosis is highly variable. Demographic factors, clinical features and global brain T2 lesion load have limited value in counselling individual patients. We investigated early MRI predictors of key long-term outcomes including secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, physical disability and cognitive performance, 15 years after a clinically isolated syndrome.

Inclusion of optic nerve involvement in dissemination in space criteria for multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To investigate the effect of including optic nerve involvement in dissemination in space (DIS) criteria for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).

Methods: We studied 160 patients with CIS: 129 with optic neuritis (ON) and 31 with non-ON CIS. MRI brain/spinal cord was done at the time of presentation and a follow-up MRI brain after 3-12 months.

Stroke-induced resolution of primary blepharospasm: evidence for the lenticular nucleus as a control candidate.

Primary blepharospasm is an adult-onset focal dystonia characterised by involuntary contractions of the orbicularis oculi, leading to bilateral spasmodic closure of the eyelids. While spasms of this muscle constitute the hallmark of disease, other motor manifestations include increased spontaneous blinking and apraxia of eyelid opening. Originally misdiagnosed as a psychiatric condition, blepharospasm is now well established as being of neurological origin although questions remain as to its pathophysiological mechanisms.

Imaging Investigation of Thyroid Eye Disease.

Introduction: Thyroid eye disease (TED), is a term referring to the extrathyroidal manifestation of Grave's disease, a disorder which is currently the most common cause of hyperthyroidism and is characterised by underlying autoimmunity.The pathogenic course of the disease can be broadly classified into two stages, an early inflammatory and a late fibrotic stage. These stages are reflected in clinical severity and activity classifications, such as Clinical Activity Score and Class 0: No signs or symptoms, 1: Only signs, no symptoms (e.

Prediction of a multiple sclerosis diagnosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome using the 2016 MAGNIMS and 2010 McDonald criteria: a retrospective study.

Background: In 2016, the Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS) network proposed modifications to the MRI criteria to define dissemination in space (DIS) and time (DIT) for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in patients with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). Changes to the DIS definition included removal of the distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions, increasing the number of lesions needed to define periventricular involvement to three, combining cortical and juxtacortical lesions, and inclusion of optic nerve evaluation. For DIT, removal of the distinction between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions was suggested.

Orbital melanoma masquerading as a "Galloping haemangioma".

We describe a 32-year-old pregnant woman who was referred to our clinic after 6 weeks of observation elsewhere with a rapidly expanding orbital mass, proptosed globe and slowly decreasing of vision in her left eye. To our examination the patient presented with congested optic disc fine macular striae and some slight choroidal elevation without any retinal pigmentation. An MRI scan without contrast was performed, suggesting the signal charactheristics of an orbital mass consistent with a cellular lesion such as a cavernous hemangioma or a solitary fibrous tumour.

Periventricular lesions and MS diagnostic criteria in young adults with typical clinically isolated syndromes.

In patients who present with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), whose features are suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS), fulfilling McDonald 2010 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria for dissemination in space (DIS) and dissemination in time (DIT) enables a diagnosis of MS. While ⩾1 periventricular lesion is included in the 2010 DIS criteria, earlier McDonald criteria required ⩾3 periventricular lesions to confirm DIS and recent Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis (MAGNIMS)-recommended DIS criteria also require ⩾3 lesions. We investigated the effect of varying the required number of periventricular lesions and found that the best combination of specificity and sensitivity for clinically definite MS was seen for ⩾1 periventricular lesion using both the McDonald 2010 and MAGNIMS 2016 criteria.

Association of asymptomatic spinal cord lesions and atrophy with disability 5 years after a clinically isolated syndrome.

Background: Spinal cord pathology is an important substrate for long-term disability in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Objective: To investigate longitudinal changes in spinal cord lesions and atrophy in patients with a non-spinal clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and how they relate to the development of disability.

Methods: In all, 131 patients with a non-spinal CIS had brain and spinal cord imaging at the time of CIS and approximately 5 years later (median: 5.

Should the symptomatic region be included in dissemination in space in MRI criteria for MS?

Objectives: To investigate whether inclusion of lesions in the symptomatic region influences the performance of dissemination in space (DIS) criteria for a diagnosis of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS) in patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS).

Methods: We studied 30 patients with CIS with brainstem/cerebellar and spinal cord syndromes who had MRI scans at the time of CIS and were followed up for the development of CDMS. We retrospectively applied the McDonald 2010 DIS criteria (excluding all lesions in the symptomatic region) to baseline MRI scans and 2 modified DIS criteria: (1) the inclusion of asymptomatic lesions in the symptomatic region in DIS, and (2) the inclusion of any lesion in the symptomatic region in DIS.

Evaluation of the stability of the stereotactic Leksell Frame G in Gamma Knife radiosurgery.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of the Leksell Frame G in Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR). Forty patients undergoing GKR underwent pretreatment stereotactic MRI for GKR planning and stereotactic CT immediately after GKR. The stereotactic coordinates of four anatomical landmarks (cochlear apertures and the summits of the anterior post of the superior semicircular canals, bilaterally) were measured by two evaluators on two separate occasions in the pre-treatment MRI and post-treatment CT scans and the absolute distance between the observations is reported.

Longitudinal evidence for anterograde trans-synaptic degeneration after optic neuritis.

In multiple sclerosis, microstructural damage of normal-appearing brain tissue is an important feature of its pathology. Understanding these mechanisms is vital to help develop neuroprotective strategies. The visual pathway is a key model to study mechanisms of damage and recovery in demyelination.

Grey matter involvement by focal cervical spinal cord lesions is associated with progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: The in vivo relationship of spinal cord lesion features with clinical course and function in multiple sclerosis (MS) is poorly defined.

Objective: The objective of this paper is to investigate the associations of spinal cord lesion features on MRI with MS subgroup and disability.

Methods: We recruited 120 people: 25 clinically isolated syndrome, 35 relapsing-remitting (RR), 30 secondary progressive (SP), and 30 primary progressive (PP) MS.

Tablets or scalpel: Pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism.

We describe a patient with pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism. Pituitary hyperplasia and pituitary masses cannot be reliably differentiated on imaging alone, despite significant improvement in imaging quality in recent years.

A pilot MRI study of white and grey matter involvement by multiple sclerosis spinal cord lesions.

Objectives: Spinal cord pathology is a major cause of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) and pathology studies show multifocal demyelinating lesions in white matter (WM) tracts and central grey matter (GM). Better localisation of cord lesions by in vivo MRI may help to understand the structural-functional effects of spinal cord pathology in MS.

Methods: Three-Tesla MRI was performed on upper cervical cord in 15 MS patients and one clinically isolated syndrome.

Adult Horner's syndrome: a combined clinical, pharmacological, and imaging algorithm.

The diagnosis of Horner's syndrome (HS) can be difficult, as patients rarely present with the classic triad of ptosis, miosis, and anhydrosis. Frequently, there are no associated symptoms to help determine or localise the underlying pathology. The onset of anisocoria may also be uncertain, with many cases referred after incidental discovery on routine optometric assessment.

Early factors associated with axonal loss after optic neuritis.

Objective: Acute optic neuritis due to an inflammatory demyelinating lesion of the optic nerve is often seen in association with multiple sclerosis. Although functional recovery usually follows the acute episode of visual loss, persistent visual deficits are common and are probably due to axonal loss. The mechanisms of axonal loss and early features that predict it are not well defined.

MRI only conversion to multiple sclerosis following a clinically isolated syndrome.

Objectives: Using current diagnostic criteria, patients who present with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) may develop multiple sclerosis (MS) by subsequently exhibiting dissemination in space and time on clinical (clinically definite (CD) MS) or radiological (MRI) grounds. This study investigated the frequency of radiological without clinical conversion to MS after long term follow-up as this has not previously been defined.

Methods: Two cohorts who underwent serial clinical and MRI studies from presentation with a CIS and who were followed-up over a mean of 6 and 20 years were investigated.

Neuroplasticity predicts outcome of optic neuritis independent of tissue damage.

Objectives: To determine whether lateral occipital complex (LOC) activation with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) predicts visual outcome after clinically isolated optic neuritis (ON). To investigate the reasons behind good recovery following ON, despite residual optic nerve demyelination and neuroaxonal damage.

Methods: Patients with acute ON and healthy volunteers were studied longitudinally over 12 months.

Early MRI in optic neuritis: the risk for clinically definite multiple sclerosis.

MRI brain lesions at presentation with optic neuritis (ON) increase the risk for developing clinically definite (CD) multiple sclerosis (MS). More detailed early MRI findings may improve prediction of conversion. The objectives of this study were to investigate the influence of number, location and activity of lesions at presentation, new lesions at early follow-up and non-lesion MRI measures on conversion from optic neuritis (ON) to CDMS.