Numerical and in vitro experimental studies for assessing the blood hematocrit and oxygenation with the dual-wavelength photoacoustics.

Assessing the blood hematocrit (Hct) and oxygenation (SO ) levels are essential for diagnosing numerous blood-related diseases. This study examines the ability of the photoacoustic (PA) technique for quantitative evaluation of these parameters. We conducted the Monte Carlo and k-Wave simulations to compute PA signals at four different optical wavelengths from test blood samples followed by rigorous in vitro experiments.

Primary sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis.

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis also known as cocoon abdomen is a rare chronic inflammatory condition of the peritoneum in which the bowel loops are encircled by a membrane (cocoon formation) within the peritoneal cavity leading to intestinal obstruction. It can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary (chemotherapy, beta-blockers, peritoneal dialysis, shunts, tuberculosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, etc.).

Evaluation of tumor budding and its correlation with histomorphological prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process.

Objective: To evaluate the association of tumor budding (TB) with prognostic histomorphological parameters in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to investigate the correlation of TB intensity with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Material And Method: A total of 200 cases diagnosed as OSCC were selected and their TB status was reviewed using Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlation with histomorphological prognostic parameters was done.

Spectrum of histopathological changes and its quantification using a scoring system in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of histopathological and histomorphometric features in oesophageal biopsy of patients presenting with symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD).

Material And Methods: Present study included 42 patients and 12 controls. Complete clinical evaluation followed by endoscopic examination of the patients was done and multipleoesophageal biopsies were taken.

Prevalence of precursor lesions (P53 signature, SCOUT, STIL, STIC) in fallopian tubes resected for non-neoplastic causes.

Background: High-grade pelvic serous carcinoma is a common cause of death in women worldwide and India. Recent evidence has clearly implicated the changes in the mucosa of the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube in its pathogenesis.

Objective: 1) To study histopathology features of surgically resected specimens of fallopian tubes received with non-neoplastic lesions of the uterus and ovary for the presence of any precursor lesions [secretory cell outgrowth (SCOUT), serous tubal intraepithelial lesion (STIL), p53 signatures, and serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC)].

Role of Immunohistochemistry and serology in subclassifying the Inflammatory Bowel Disease cases diagnosed as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases---unclassified on colonic biopsies.

Background: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) mainly consist of Crohn's Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). These two categories have overlapping histopathological features and sometimes it is difficult to diagnose them into distinct category and such biopsies are categorised as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD-U). Recently, there has been an increase in interest to discover new biomarkers of IBD to differentiate UC and CD and predict their prognosis.

Role of C4d in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Native Renal Diseases.

Introduction: C4d is a biomarker of the complement cascade and has a primary role in the diagnosis of antibody-mediated rejection in solid organ transplantation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of C4d in the diagnosis and prognosis of native renal diseases.

Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology from September 2017 to September 2019.

Expression of in gastric adenocarcinoma and its correlation with serum level and E-cadherin expression.

Aim: : To assess HER2/neu expressions and correlate with E-cadherin and Serum HER2 level in gastric carcinoma.

Method: 31 gastric biopsies and 1 resected specimen were taken in the study with patient details and stained with H and E for histopathological details following Lauren's classification. Immunohistochemistry for HER2 and E-cadherin expression was conducted followed by serum HER2/neu ELISA.

Ectopic thyroid in left parotid gland with an orthotopic thyroid gland: A rare case scenario.

Benign ectopic thyroid tissue within the parotid gland is very rare with only one case reported till date in the world literature. We report a case of ectopic thyroid in the left parotid gland with an orthotopic thyroid in an elderly female, who was presented to us with the simultaneous onset of right-sided thyroid swelling and left parotid swelling for 6 months. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done from both the swellings and a diagnosis of Hurthle cell neoplasm metastasizing to the left parotid gland was initially made.

Evaluation and Quantification of Cytomorphometry in Conjunction with Visual Examination and Exfoliative Cytology in Early Diagnosis of Oral Premalignant and Malignant Lesions.

Introduction: Incidence of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high in south Asian countries as compared to western population owing to a greater use of tobacco in these regions. While visual examination and exfoliative cytology are the most common screening and diagnostic modalities at present, it is a subjective analysis. Quantitative analyses such as nuclear size, cell size, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio may provide an accurate diagnosis and improve reproducibility.

Evaluation of Role of Visual Inspection Using Acetic Acid (VIA) and Exfoliative Cytology in Screening and Early Detection of Oral Premalignant Lesions and Oral Cancer.

Objective: Oral cancer accounts for 50-70% of total cancer mortality. VIA screening has drastically changed the morbidity and mortality related to cervical cancer. In present study, we assessed the role of 5% Acetic Acid as a vital stain in oral mucosa of chronic tobacco chewers, to know if it can help in early diagnosis and improved prognosis of oral malignancies and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of VIA and exfoliative cytology for screening of Oral premalignant and malignant lesions in high risk population with limited health care infrastructure.

Combined pancreatic and gastric heterotopia in small intestine presenting as intussusception-A rare congenital anomaly.

Pancreatic and gastric heterotopias are rare congenital anomalies which have been reported throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. Combined gastric and pancreatic heterotopias, although very rare, have been described mainly in the duodenum followed by jejunum with ileum being a rare site. The reported incidence of this combined heterotopias is low, ranging from <1% to 13%.

Artificial intelligence technologies empowering identification of novel diagnostic molecular markers in gastric cancer.

In recent clinical practice the molecular diagnostics have been significantly empowered and upgraded by the use of Artificial Intelligence and its assisted technologies. The use of Machine leaning and Deep Learning Neural network architectures have brought in a new dimension in clinical oncological research and development. These algorithm based software system with enhanced digital image analysis have emerged into a new branch of digital pathology and contributed immensely towards precision medicine and personal diagnostics.

Portal hypertensive vasculopathy - An entity worth remembering with non-neoplastic gastrointestinal lesions.

Portal hypertensive vasculopathy (PHV) represents an increase in the pressure in the portal circulation. This increased pressure leads to changes in the mucosa that can be appreciated endoscopically as well as histopathologically. Lesions can be observed in the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) including stomach, duodenum, jejunum and colon.

Best practices of handling, processing, and interpretation of small intestinal biopsies for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease: A joint consensus of Indian association of pathologists and microbiologists and Indian society of gastroenterology.

The Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists (IAPM) and Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) decided to make a joint consensus recommendation for handling, processing, and interpretation of SI biopsies for the diagnosis and management of celiac disease (CD) recognizing the inhomogeneous practice of biopsy sampling, orientation, processing, and interpretation. A modified Delphi process was used to develop this consensus document containing a total of 42 statements and recommendations, which were generated by sharing the document draft, incorporating expert's opinion, followed by three cycles of electronic voting as well as a full-day face-to-face virtual ZOOM meeting and review of supporting literature. Of the 42 statements, 7 statements are on small intestinal (SI) biopsy in suspected patients of CD, site and the number of biopsies; 7 on handling, fixative, orientation, processing, and sectioning in pathology laboratories; 2 on histological orientation; 13 statements on histological interpretation and histological grading; 3 on the assessment of follow-up biopsies; 2 statements on gluten-free diet (GFD)-nonresponsive CD; 4 on challenges in the diagnosis of CD; 2 statements each on pathology reporting protocol and training and infrastructure in this area.

Serum CA 19-9 and CA 125 as a diagnostic marker in carcinoma of gallbladder.

Background: Gall bladder carcinoma is endemic in North India along the Ganges belt. Most of the cases usually present in late stage when prognosis is poor. That mandates a necessity for proper screening in these areas for gall bladder lesions.

Role of Hematological Indices as a Screening Tool of Beta Thalassemia Trait in Eastern Uttar Pradesh: An Institutional Study.

A large majority of microcytic hypochromic anemia have defects in cellular hemoglobin synthesis due to either iron deficiency or thalassemia trait; both differing in management and prognosis. HPLC and serum iron profile as confirmatory tests are unavailable at health care centers. Blanket therapy of iron supplements is therefore given in all such cases which may cause iron overload in thalassemia cases.

Guidelines for various laboratory sections in view of COVID-19: Recommendations from the Indian Association of Pathologists and Microbiologists.

Declared as a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020, COVID-19 has brought about a dramatic change in the working of different laboratories across the country. Diagnostic laboratories testing different types of samples play a vital role in the treatment management. Irrespective of their size, each laboratory has to follow strict biosafety guidelines.

Association of different patterns of expression of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 with pathogenesis of breast carcinoma.

Background: Beta-catenin and cyclin D1 have attracted considerable attention in recent studies as potential proto-oncogenes in many human cancers especially colonic cancer. Beta-catenin plays multiple roles within the cell such as canonical Wnt signaling where cyclin D1 has been identified as one of its target genes. The role of beta-catenin and cyclin D1 in breast cancer has been evaluated in many studies but not established yet.

Collecting duct carcinoma kidney masquerading as hydatid cyst: A rare case report and review of literature.

Cystic renal masses pose diagnostic challenge especially when they belong to Bosniak Type II and III. Septal and nodular enhancement on computed tomography (CT) is the strongest predictor of malignant process. A unilocular cyst with a calcified rim or a multilocular cystic lesion with heterogeneity on CT goes in favor of hydatid disease.

Differentially localized survivin and STAT3 as markers of gastric cancer progression: Association with Helicobacter pylori.

Background: Localization and differential expression of STAT3 and survivin in cancer cells are often related to distinct cellular functions. The involvement of survivin and STAT3 in gastric cancer has been reported in separate studies but without clear understanding of their kinetics in cancer progression.

Methods: We examined intracellular distribution of STAT3 and survivin in gastric adenocarcinoma and compared it with normal and precancer tissues using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry.

Evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression by a new scoring system in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma and its association with various pathological prognostic factors.

Context: Squamous cell carcinoma is an aggressive epithelial malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract comprising 90% of all head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). It is the sixth leading cancer worldwide, with approximately 600,000 cases reported annually. It is one of the most common cancers in India.