[Takotsubo syndrome (stress-induced cardiomyopathy)].

The article presents published and own data about Takotsubo syndrome, a relatively rare heart disease that is similar to acute coronary syndrome, but without significant damage of coronary arteries. The leading pathogenetic factor is the catecholamine-induced stress damage of myocardium with involvement of microvessels. There is a certain underestimation of Takotsubo syndrome by both clinicians and pathologists, so some cases of Takotsubo syndrome are misdiagnosed as acute coronary syndrome.

[Clinical and morphological diagnosis of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis].

Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hemophagocytic syndrome, massive macrophage activation syndrome) is a rare, aggressive, severe syndrome with a frequent fatal outcome. The pathogenesis of the syndrome, the role of viral infection, and the development of an excessive, aberrant, and inflammatory response leading to multiple organ dysfunction and sepsis remain unclear so far. The paper presents the data available in the literature and describes the authors' own observation of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 14-year-old girl who had Epstein-Barr virus infection and died of severe multiple organ dysfunction.

[Actual problems of the pathology of sepsis: 25 years in search of a consensus].

In search of a consensus the authors give current materials on the pathobiology of sepsis, which concerns the definitions, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of the disease on the basis of their own experience and the data available in the literature. The sepsis problem that is one of the most controversial and complex ones in pathobiology and medical practice has undergone a great very important 25-year stage of development to culminate in the adoption of clinical Sepsis-3 Consensus. International experts have proposed a new definition of sepsis, with an emphasis on the life-threatening condition and the presence of organ dysfunction that can be regarded as an analogous to organ damage.

[Myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: definitions, classification, and diagnostic criteria].

The review gives the definitions and classification of and diagnostic criteria for myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome in accordance with the "The third universal definition of myocardial infarction" adopted in 2012 (Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction, 2012). It also discusses the clinical and morphological comparisons of and the problems in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction as a nosological entity within coronary heart disease with other coronarogenic and non-coronarogenic necroses of the myocardium.

[Development of targeted indicators of quality in postmortem examination].

The indicators of quality for impartial quantitative assessment of postmortem examination have been suggested. These indicators were based on ratio of achievement and target indexes of pathologicoanatomic activity. The indicators are necessary for decision making for enhancement of pathologicoanatomic service quality in the health-care agencies.

[The morphofunctional diagnostics principles of pancreatic cystic tumors differentiation].

The algorithm of morphological diagnostics of pancreatic cystic formation including true cystic tumors, solid neoplasm with secondary cystic formation, nonneoplastic true cysts and pseudocysts are submitted. The determination of epithelial lining type specific for different neoplasms is a crucial factor. Tumors with border-line metastatic potential and carcinomas has been diagnosing in the detection of dysplasia and cell atopy features.

[Endometrial implantation window in infertility].

The paper presents the results of biopsy and curettage specimens from 92 patients with infertility. Histological and immunohistological (steroid receptors, Ki67, P27, and cyclin E) methods and scanning electron microscopy have been used. The substantial immunohistochemical (IHC) changes found in the endometrial implantation window in infertility are associated with the spectrum of the detected pathology.

[Mediator interactions in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis].

The article contains a review of the literature dedicated to the problems concerning mediator interactions in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Also presented herein is the role of the key angiogenic mediators and growth factors in the processes concerned, as well as certain variants of vasculo- and angiogenesis impairments associated with mediators dysfunction discussed.

[Angiodysplasias: role of mediators and growth factors].

The review of the literature deals with the findings concerning the role of impaired interaction between the basic angiogenic mediators and growth factors in vascular malformations. Presented herein are the contemporaneous views opinions on the aetiology and pathogenesis of angiodysplasias.

[Clinical and morphological characteristics of solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas].

The paper presents the results of a comprehensive morphological study of the surgical material from 9 patients (females aged 19 to 67 years) with solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas. Microscopically, the tumor appears predominantly as solid structure areas and pseudopapillae. The characteristic immunohistochemical signs are the positive expression of vimentin, alpha1-antitrypsin, and alpha1-antichemotrypsin, receptors of progesterone, as well as the low proliferation index by Ki67.

[Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the lung].

The authors present the data available in the literature and their observation of mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the lung a 68-year-old female patient. Histologically, the tumor is exhibited by the fields of monomorphic round and oval cells with hyperchromic muclei and a scanty cytoplasm, with the hemangiopericytoma-like structures being formed here and there. There are foci of chondroid cells, portions of necrosis, and an ample quantity of mitoses.

[Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas].

The paper reviews the data available in the literature and describes the authors' observation of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas in a 33-year-old woman. Microscopically, the tumor, 2.5 x 2.

[Pseudoglandular adenoma of the adrenal gland].

Pseudoglandular adenoma of the adrenal is described in a 44-year-old female patient. Immunohistochemically tumor cells were positive to cytokeratins 8 and 18, vimentin, chromogranin A, Ki-67 (2-3%) and gave a negative reaction with cytokeratins 7, 10, 13, 17 and 20, synaptophysin, protein S-100, smooth-muscle actin alpha.

[Surgical sepsis: clinical, pathological, and anatomic aspects].

The principles of modern clinical diagnosis and treatment policy of surgical sepsis are presented. The concept of a systemic inflammatory reaction and sepsis is outlined and the possibilities of making their morphological diagnosis, by applying high-tech studies are shown. Emphasis is placed on the necessity of establishing the etiology of sepsis and making its clear nosological entities, by compulsorily indicating the codes of the International Classification of Diseases-10.

[Postmortem service in the Russian Federation (state-of-the-art and trends)].

According to the order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Professor O. D. Mishnev is appointed principal pathologist of the Ministry.

[The anatomical pathology of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in ischemic heart disease].

Results of a morphological study of coronary arteries from 90 patients who died from ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension are presented. Various types of fibrous plaques damage and their features in arterial hypertension were morphologically found.

[Cystic teratoma of the pancreas].

A case of pancreatic cystic teratoma is described in a 52-year-old woman. The tumor is macroscopically presented by an 8 x 8 x 7-cm multifocal cyst. Histological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic studies have revealed the derivatives of three germinal layers (ecto-, endo, and mesoderma).

Comparative pathomorphological study of contractile myocardium under conditions of increased left and right ventricular afterload.

Structural changes in the myocardium under conditions of increased left and right ventricular afterload were studied using polarization microscopy and histological, histochemical, and stereological methods. Increased afterload not complicated by heart failure was characterized by low number of damaged cardiomyocytes (3.3-6.

[Histochemical characteristics of adrenergic myocardial and adrenal fibers in experimental narrowing of the aorta and pulmonary artery].

Ligation of the aorta or the pulmonary trunk was the method of experimental overloading of heart ventricles. Histochemical studies indicated activation of mediator chain of the sympatho-adrenal system. Catecholamines content in the nervous plexus of the overloaded ventricle did not change but there was an increase of their content in the medullary layer of the adrenals.

Sympathoadrenal system under conditions of increased left and right ventricular afterload.

Adrenergic plexuses in the myocardium and adrenal medulla were studied histochemically under conditions of increased left or right ventricular afterload. Under conditions of high afterload not accompanied by heart failure the density of sympathetic myocardial innervation remained unchanged in the loaded ventricle, but increased in the intact ventricle. Comparison of the state of the sympathoadrenal system under conditions of increased afterload complicated or uncomplicated by heart failure revealed common prognostically unfavorable changes: sharp decrease in the density of adrenergic nerve plexuses in the ventricular myocardium and activation of adrenal chromaffin cells.

[Focal nodular hepatic hyperplasia].

Macroscopic and histological characteristics of focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver are presented. Characteristic microscopic signs are the presence of numerous septs with many biliary ducts. Hepatocytes with diploid number of chromosomes show negative Ki-67 and p53.