Recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society and Immuno-oncology Section of Polish Society of Oncology on oncological risk in patients with multiple sclerosis undergoing immunomodulatory therapy.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is usually diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40. Changes in the immune system also observed in cancer may suggest a higher prevalence of cancer in the MS patient population. In recent years, many highly effective immunosuppressive drugs have been introduced into disease-modifying therapy (DMT) which may be associated with a higher risk of cancer development in patients with MS.

Herpes zoster prevention in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

A working group convened by the Section of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology of the Polish Neurological Society, the Polish Society of Family Medicine, and the Polish Society of Vaccinology has developed a consensus on supplementary data to the recommendations of the expert group of the Polish Society of Vaccinology, the Polish Society of Family Medicine, the Polish Dermatological Society, the Polish Association for the Study of Pain, and the Polish Neurological Society, and ECTRIMS/EAN of 2023 with regard to the currently available in Poland recombinant herpes zoster vaccine (RZV). It is intended for the prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in individuals aged > 50 and individuals aged ≥ 18 who belong to herpes zoster risk groups. In Poland it is available with 50% reimbursement exclusively for patients aged 65 and older who have an increased risk of developing herpes zoster.

Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society.

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) has undergone significant changes since the first disease-modifying therapy (DMT) drug was introduced. Currently, 19 original DMT drugs are registered in the European Union. The choice of optimal therapy is becoming increasingly challenging in the absence of reliable biomarkers on the basis of which disease progression and prognosis can be determined.

Rebound effect, discontinuation, and withdrawal syndromes associated with drugs used in psychiatric and neurological disorders.

Sudden cessation of the drug can cause withdrawal syndrome, discontinuation syndrome, or rebound effect. The common feature of these phenomena is a quick onset, usually limited duration depending on the drug's half-life and remission after restarting the therapy. They are characterized by varying clusters of somatic, autonomic, and psychiatric symptoms.

The effect of 3-di-o-tolylguanidine on the level of neurotransmitters in the cerebellum and related disorders of social behavior.

It is common knowledge that the cerebellum is a structure of the central nervous system that influences the processes of balance and motor coordination. Recently its influence on social interactions has also been emphasized. The sigma receptor agonist: 3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) is characterized by high affinity for sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, widely distributed in the cerebellum.

Update on diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - recommendations of Section of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology of Polish Neurological Society.

Introduction: An expert panel of the Section of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology of the Polish Neurological Society has developed principles for the management of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). These principles are based on expert opinion and data from the literature published up to May 2023. Recommendations were developed based on the results of the most recent clinical trials, guidelines of foreign and international scientific societies, and the authors' clinical experience.

Cnicus benedictus: Folk Medicinal Uses, Biological Activities, and In Silico Screening of Main Phytochemical Constituents.

Traditional medicine has long recognized the therapeutic potential of , and recent scientific research has shed light on the pharmacological properties of this plant. The bioactive compounds that can be extracted from it, such as the sesquiterpene lactones arctigenin, arctiin, and cnicin, are very interesting to researchers.In this article, based on available data from pre-clinical and studies, we delve into the pharmacology of the active constituents of this plant to explore its potential therapeutic applications and underlying mechanisms of action.

The evaluation of digital educational game use in pharmacology teaching process.

The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of educational video games as a variety applied to the traditional teaching of pharmacology in topics of antifungal and hypolipidemic drugs. Sixty-six volunteers were divided into control group (n = 33) and experimental group (n = 33). The first group received traditional seminar only, and the second played video game designed with the use of Kahoot! platform after the seminar.

Psilocybin in pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental disease that affects approximately 2% of the population. Obsessions and compulsions are troublesome for patients and may disturb their everyday activities. The pathogenesis of this disease is still not fully elucidated, but dysfunctions of serotonin-, dopamine- and glutamate-mediated neurotransmission together with early maladaptive schemas seem of importance.

Clinical and therapeutic challenges of smouldering multiple sclerosis.

Introduction: Assessment of the clinical course, neuroimaging and histopathological changes suggests that multiple sclerosis (MS) should not be defined merely as a focal inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) because the essence of the disease is due to a diffuse, 'smouldering', pathophysiological process.

State Of The Art: Progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is the clinical indicator of smouldering MS. Multiple pathomechanical factors determining smouldering MS have been identified, i.

Dose-Ranging Effects of the Intracerebral Administration of Atsttrin in Experimental Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in Mice.

Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a multitude of motor and non-motor clinical symptoms resulting from the progressive and long-lasting abnormal loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Currently, the available treatments for patients with Parkinson's disease are limited and exert only symptomatic effects, without adequate signs of delaying or stopping the progression of the disease. Atsttrin constitutes the bioengineered protein which ultrastructure is based on the polypeptide chain frame of the progranulin (PGRN), which exerts anti-inflammatory effects through the inhibition of TNFα.

Optimization of the seat position for a personal vehicle equipped with a crankset: pilot study.

The aim of the study was to optimize the seat for a personal vehicle equipped with a crankset mechanism, meant for everyday use. The inclination of the seat backrest was selected on the basis of theoretical considerations. Then dynamic tests were carried out on a group of young, healthy men in order to verify the ergonomic aspects of the seat position in relation to the crankset and determine the efficiency of the human-mechanism system with a load of 50 W.

Central nervous system disorders after use of dolutegravir: evidence from preclinical and clinical studies.

The evaluation of dolutegravir based on available preclinical and clinical studies reveals a risk of central nervous system (CNS) disorders associated with long-term use of the drug. The available literature on the pharmacokinetics of the drug, including its penetration of the blood-brain barrier, was reviewed, as well as clinical trials assessing the incidence of adverse effects in the CNS and the frequency of its discontinuation. This paper also summarizes the impact of factors affecting the occurrence of CNS disorders and indicates the key role of pharmacovigilance in the process of supplementing knowledge on the safety of drugs, especially those that are newly registered.

Fingolimod Modulates the Gene Expression of Proteins Engaged in Inflammation and Amyloid-Beta Metabolism and Improves Exploratory and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Obese Mice.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has become one of the most important health problems, and is also linked with memory and executive function decline. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates cell death/survival and the inflammatory response via its specific receptors (S1PRs). Since the role of S1P and S1PRs in obesity is rather obscure, we examined the effect of fingolimod (an S1PR modulator) on the expression profile of genes encoding S1PRs, sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), proteins engaged in amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation (ADAM10, BACE1, PSEN2), GSK3β, proapoptotic Bax, and proinflammatory cytokines in the cortex and hippocampus of obese/prediabetic mouse brains.

Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and its inhibitor after tonic-clonic seizures.

Damage to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may result from on-going neuroinflammation, which can lead to leakage of blood components, such as leukocytes and serum proteins, into the brain, resulting in disturbed brain homeostasis. The aim of the project was to examine the involvement of modulatory proteins in the processes of BBB integration after epileptic seizures. We investigated serum changes in the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-7 and its inhibitors after seizures in epilepsy patients.

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with Wilson's Disease.

Introduction: Many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with olfactory dysfunction (OD), but little is known about OD in Wilson's Disease (WD). We evaluated olfactory function in patients with WD.

Material And Methods: OD was examined in 68 patients with WD and 70 sex- and age-matched healthy controls using subjective testing with 'Sniffin Sticks'.

The Over-the-Counter Medicines Market in Poland.

The market of over-the-counter drugs, so-called OTC drugs, is a dynamically developing market driven primarily by self-medication. Their use does not require consultation with a physician, and the patients themselves decide to take them. The distribution of OTC medications in the pharmaceutical market in Poland is diversified.

Long-term Administration of 3-Di-O-Tolylguanidine Modulates Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats and Causes Transition in the Concentration of Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum.

The sigma-1 and sigma-2 (σ and σ) receptors are found in high concentrations in the brain, and their altered expression leads to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. 3-di-tolylguanidine (DTG) stimulates the activity of both of these receptors. We assessed the effects of administering DTG to adult male Sprague Dawley rats on learning and memory consolidation processes and on the levels of neurotransmitters in selected brain structures.

Are medical students interested in research? - students' attitudes towards research.

Background: Throughout the years significant progress has been observed in all medical fields. It was possible to achieve thanks to a wide range of scientists, including physician-scientists. However, in recent years their number is significantly declining.

Diagnostic Performance of Circulating miRNAs and Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background: Increased inflammation activates blood coagulation system, higher platelet activation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke (IS). During platelet activation and aggregation process, platelets may cause increased release of several proinflammatory, and prothrombotic mediators, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In the current study we aimed to assess circulating miRNAs profile related to platelet function and inflammation and circulating EVs from platelets, leukocytes, and endothelial cells to analyse their diagnostic and predictive utility in patients with acute IS.

Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters.

Parasites may significantly affect the functioning of the host organism including immune response and gut-brain-axis ultimately leading to alteration of the host behavior. The impact of intestinal worms on the host central nervous system (CNS) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on behavior and functions of the CNS in rats.

Antiviral Drugs in Influenza.

Flu is a serious health, medical, and economic problem, but no therapy is yet available that has satisfactory results and reduces the occurrence of these problems. Nearly 20 years after the registration of the previous therapy, baloxavir marboxil, a drug with a new mechanism of action, recently appeared on the market. This is a promising step in the fight against the influenza virus.

The Role of Serotonin Neurotransmission in Gastrointestinal Tract and Pharmacotherapy.

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) is a neurotransmitter in both the central nervous system and peripheral structures, acting also as a hormone in platelets. Although its concentration in the gut covers >90% of all organism resources, serotonin is mainly known as a neurotransmitter that takes part in the pathology of mental diseases. Serotonin modulates not only CNS neurons, but also pain transmission and platelet aggregation.

Dihydroergotamine affects spatial behavior and neurotransmission in the central nervous system of Wistar rats.

Introduction: Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is a derivative of an ergot alkaloid used as an antimigraine medication. Nowadays, ergot alkaloids may still endanger the safety of humans and animals as food or medicine pollutants, but the outcomes of long-term DHE administration on the behaviour and neurotransmission remain undescribed.

Material And Methods: Adult male Wistar Albino Glaxo rats pre-treated orally with DHE for six weeks were investigated to assess the relationship between concentration of neurotransmitters and behavioural response.