Anatomical variations of the levator palpebrae superioris, including observations on its innervation and intramuscular nerves' distribution pattern.

Background: The levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) acts as the upper eyelid's major elevator and retractor and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The muscle's paralysis is manifested by ptosis.

Material And Methods: 70 orbits were dissected.

The Superficial Venous System of the Forelimb of the Anubis Baboon (): The Distribution of Perforating Veins and Venous Valves.

The superficial veins of the forelimb show high variability, both in man and in other primates, regarding the number of main venous trunks, their course, as well as the origin and location of openings. The distinction between two venous systems-the superficial and deep was made based on the relation of specific venous channels to the deep fascia; both groups of veins anastomose to each other through perforators piercing the deep fascia. In our work, we paid special attention to the organization of the venous system within the forelimb of the Anubis baboon (), as well as communications between the superficial and deep venous system.

Anatomical Variations of the Supraorbital and Supratrochlear Nerves: Their Intraorbital Course and Relation to the Supraorbital Margin.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the topographical anatomy of the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves. Anatomical variations of both the intraorbital course of the 2 nerves and their relation to the supraorbital margin were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research material involved 50 isolated adult cadaveric hemi-heads and 25 macerated adult skulls.

A cadaveric study of the morphology of the extensor hallucis longus - a proposal for a new classification.

Background: Morphological variations of the EHL concern mainly the accessory tendons and the site of their insertion. The aim of our study is to present a new classification of the EHL.

Methods: Classical anatomical dissection was performed on 104 lower limbs (51 right, 53 left, fixed in 10% formalin solution).

Variations in terminal branches of the popliteal artery: cadaveric study.

Introduction: Identifying the branching pattern of the popliteal artery (PA) is a vital step in planning radiological and surgical procedures involving the anterior and posterior tibial and fibular arteries. The aim of this study was to characterize the course and morphology of the terminal branches of the PA.

Materials And Methods: The anatomical variations in the branching patterns of the anterior and posterior tibial and fibular arteries were examined in 100 lower limbs fixed in a 10% formalin solution.

Anatomical Variations of the Pectoralis Major Muscle: Notes on Their Impact on Pectoral Nerve Innervation Patterns and Discussion on Their Clinical Relevance.

Background: The presented study attempts to classify individual anatomical variants of the pectoralis major muscle (PM), including rare and unusual findings. Rare cases of muscular anomalies involving the PM or its tendon have been presented. An attempt has also been made to determine whether anatomical variations of the PM may affect the innervation pattern of the lateral and medial pectoral nerves.

New classification of the distal attachment of the fibularis brevis - Anatomical variations and potential clinical implications.

Background: Although the lateral compartment of the leg is characterized by a high degree of morphological variation, very little information exists on the morphological variability of the fibularis brevis muscle (FBM) and fibularis digiti quinti (FDQ). The main aim of the study was to characterize the morphology of the FBM tendon and its accessory bands, to classify them and to determine the incidence of FDQ. The work attempts to determine the relationship between the types of the insertion of the FBM tendon and the occurrence of FDQ.

'Superior biceps aponeurosis'-Morphological characteristics of the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii muscle.

Purpose: Our aim was to characterize the morphology of the proximal attachment of the biceps brachii short head. We hypothesize that it has an aponeurotic component that may affect shoulder joint biomechanics.

Methods: The coracoacromial region and the biceps brachii muscle were dissected in 30 cadaveric shoulders.

A cadaveric and sonographic study of the morphology of the tibialis anterior tendon - a proposal for a new classification.

Background: The tibialis anterior tendon (TAT) presents little morphological variation. The tibialis anterior muscle originates at the lateral condyle of the tibia, the proximal one-third to two-thirds of the lateral surface of the tibia shaft, and the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane and inserts to the medial cuneiform bone and first metatarsal. The aim of our work is to classify types of TAT insertion by two complimentary methods - anatomical dissection and ultrasound examination.

Hypoplastic superficial brachioradial artery coexisting with atypical formation of the median and musculocutaneous nerves: a rare combination of unusual topographical relationships.

The use of the term "brachioradial artery" was introduced for the high origin of the radial artery. Although the prevalence of the brachioradial artery reported by different authors varies from 4.67 to 15.

Persistent Median Artery as an Unusual Finding in the Carpal Tunnel: Its Contribution to the Blood Supply of the Hand and Clinical Significance.

BACKGROUND Knowledge of the variable relation of the persistent median artery (PMA) to the median nerve and its contribution to the formation of the superficial palmar arch is of great clinical significance. This study presents a proposal of specific variables which might be introduced to characterize the PMA in the wrist region. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-five randomly selected, isolated upper limbs fixed in 10% formalin solution were subjected to anatomical dissection.

A proposal for a new classification of the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament based on morphological variations.

Background: The fibular collateral ligament (FCL) is subject to varus forces at all knee flexion angles and is also resistant to external rotation near extension. It originates on the lateral epicondyle of the femur and inserts on the lateral surface of the head of the fibula. However, its anatomical characteristics are inconsistent.

Bilateral Extensive Ossification of the Posterior Petroclinoid Ligament: An Anatomical Case Report and Literature Review.

Background:  The posterior petroclinoid dural fold (commonly referred to as a ligament) forms the roof of the trigeminal porus and the roof of the petroclival venous confluence. It lies in close proximity to the oculomotor nerve that crosses it. Due to the low availability of research material, only a few cadaveric studies have been conducted on the microsurgical anatomy of the petroclinoid ligament in cases of its ossification.

Morphological variability of the palmaris longus muscle in human fetuses.

Purpose: The palmaris longus (PL) muscle is characterized by high-morphological variability. It is clinically important as it is routinely harvested for the reconstruction of other tendons. The study characterizes the morphology of the PL in human fetuses and creates a new classification based on its variations that would relate to the spectrum of morphological variability in adults.

Anatomic Variations of the Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve: Remnants of Atypical Nerve Growth Pathways Revisited by Intraneural Fascicular Dissection and a Proposed Classification.

Objective: To trace anatomic variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) in its intrapelvic course.

Methods: Forty cadavers (80 sides) fixed in 10% formalin solution were dissected. The following parameters were recorded: LFCN diameter and variations in its origin and number.

The High Origin of the Radial Artery (Brachioradial Artery): Its Anatomical Variations, Clinical Significance, and Contribution to the Blood Supply of the Hand.

Background: This study thoroughly analyzes the anatomic variations of the brachioradial artery (radial artery of high origin) based on the variability of its origin, the presence and types of anastomosis with the brachial artery in the cubital fossa ("cubital crossover" or "cubital connection"), and the pattern of radial recurrent arteries, as well as the vascular territory within the hand.

Material And Methods: One hundred and twenty randomly selected, isolated upper limbs fixed in 10% formalin solution were dissected.

Results: The radial artery was found to have a high origin in 9.

Rotator cable in pathological shoulders: comparison with normal anatomy in a cadaveric study.

The rotator cable is a semicircular thickening of the glenohumeral joint capsule. It travels between tubercles of the humerus and interweaves with the supra- and infraspinatus muscle tendons. The rotator cable anchors these tendons to the tubercles, playing the role of a suspension bridge.

Rare combined variations of renal, suprarenal, phrenic and accessory hepatic arteries.

Knowledge of the morphological variations within the abdominal cavity is significant for all medical practitioners planning surgery. This report presents the rare origin of a common trunk for the right inferior phrenic artery, and superior and inferior suprarenal artery from the right renal artery. An accessory hepatic artery was found, which served as a branch of the right inferior phrenic artery.

Morphological and clinical aspects of the occurrence of accessory (multiple) renal arteries.

Renal vascularization variants vastly differ between individuals due to the very complex embryogenesis of the kidneys. Moreover, each variant may have implications for clinical and surgical interventions. The number of operating procedures continues to grow, and includes renal transplants, aneurysmorrhaphy and other vascular reconstructions.

A new anatomical insight into the aetiology of lateral trunk of suprascapular nerve neuropathy: isolated infraspinatus atrophy.

Introduction: Although the pathomechanism of isolated infraspinatus atrophy (ISA) in throwing sports is known to be traction, it is unclear why only some players are affected. One likely explanation is that the infraspinatus pulling force exerted by its contracture generate the compressive resultant component force (Fn) compressing the lateral trunk of the suprascapular nerve (LTSN) against the edge of scapular spine. This paper makes two key assumptions (1) the course of LTSN in relation to the scapular spine, defined as the suprascapular-scapular spine angle (SSSA) is the key individual anatomical feature influencing the Fn magnitude, and thus potentially ISA development (2) SSSA is correlated with scapular notch type.

Anatomical variations of the insular gyri: A morphological study and proposal of unified classification.

The locations of gyral landmarks vary among individuals. This can be crucial during local landmark-based mapping of the human cortex, so the aim of the present study was to establish criteria for classifying the morphological variability of the human insula. The study was conducted on 50 isolated, randomly-selected adult cadaveric hemispheres, fixed in 10% formalin, and preserved in 70% ethanol (24 right and 26 left hemispheres).

What Each Clinical Anatomist Has to Know about Left Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome (Nutcracker Syndrome): A Review of the Most Important Findings.

Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is the most common term for compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta. The development of NCS is associated with the formation of the left renal vein (LRV) from the aortic collar during the sixth to eighth week of gestation and abnormal angulation of the superior mesenteric artery from the aorta. Collateralization of venous circulation is the most significant effect of NCS.

Bilateral muscular slips between superior and inferior rectus muscles: case report with discussion on classification of accessory rectus muscles within the orbit.

Accessory rectus muscles have rarely been reported as muscular 'bands' or 'slips' originating from the common tendinous ring (annulus of Zinn) and inserting in atypical location. This group of muscles is innervated by the inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve, lies on lateral side of the optic nerve and inserts in rectus muscles. Since there are only few descriptions of such unusual findings in the medical literature, the anatomical data on accessory rectus muscles is limited.