Prion protein gene (PRNP) variation in German and Danish cervids.

The structure of cellular prion proteins encoded by the prion protein gene (PRNP) impacts susceptibility to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, including chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer. The recent emergence of CWD in Northern European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), moose (Alces alces alces) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), in parallel with the outbreak in North America, gives reason to investigate PRNP variation in European deer, to implement risk assessments and adjust CWD management for deer populations under threat. We here report PRNP-sequence data from 911 samples of German red, roe (Capreolus capreolus), sika (Cervus nippon) and fallow deer (Dama dama) as well as additional data from 26 Danish red deer close to the German border and four zoo species not native to Germany.

Transcriptomic Analysis of MDBK Cells Infected with Cytopathic and Non-Cytopathic Strains of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV).

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the family and the genus. Infection with BVDV causes a disease with a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, most often mild, although infections with this virus constitute a serious economic problem all over the world. The virus is characterized by a high genetic variability, while the accumulation of single mutations leads to the formation of its new variants.

Corrigendum: Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.

Lack of Fetal Protection against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in a Vaccinated Heifer.

The aim of the report was to present the circulation of BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus) in the cattle population and determine the cause of the failure of vaccination failure leading to the birth of the PI (persistently infected) calf. The case study was carried out at the BVDV-free animal breeding center and cattle farm, where the vaccination program against BVDV was implemented in 2012, and each newly introduced animal was serologically and virologically tested for BVDV. In this case, a blood sample was taken from a 9-month-old breeding bull.

Overview of Cattle Diseases Listed Under Category C, D or E in the Animal Health Law for Which Control Programmes Are in Place Within Europe.

The COST action "Standardising output-based surveillance to control non-regulated diseases of cattle in the European Union (SOUND control)," aims to harmonise the results of surveillance and control programmes (CPs) for non-EU regulated cattle diseases to facilitate safe trade and improve overall control of cattle infectious diseases. In this paper we aimed to provide an overview on the diversity of control for these diseases in Europe. A non-EU regulated cattle disease was defined as an infectious disease of cattle with no or limited control at EU level, which is not included in the European Union Animal health law Categories A or B under Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/2002.

Vaccination Failure in Eradication and Control Programs for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Infection.

Vaccination against bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is one of the key elements to protect cattle herds from this economically important disorder. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus infecting animals at all ages with significant impact on reproductive, digestive, and respiratory systems. Financial burden caused by this pathogen prompts many farmers to introduce vaccination as the control and prophylactic measure especially when persistently infected (PI) individuals, being the main source of the virus in the herd, are removed after test-and-cull approach.

Antibody Response to a Live-Modified Virus Vaccine against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea in Dairy Cattle in a Field Trial.

(1) Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term antibody response of dairy cows to a single dose of a commercial modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea (Mucosiffa CEVA Sante Animale, Liburne, France). (2) Methods: The study was carried out in a dairy cattle herd counting 290 animals negative for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). The vaccination was implemented following the manufacturer's instructions.

Variability of E2 protein-coding sequences of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Polish cattle.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family and has worldwide distribution, being one of the main causes of economic losses in cattle raising. The genome of pestiviruses is a single strand of positive-sense RNA with a length of 12.3 kb, which encodes one open reading frame flanked by untranslated regions.

Genetic Analysis of the M Gene of Equine Influenza Virus Strains Isolated in Poland, in the Context of the Asian-like Group Formation.

Introduction: Traditionally, evolutionary analysis of equine influenza virus (EIV) is based on the HA gene. However, the specificity of the influenza virus enables the classification of viral strains into different phylogenetic groups, depending on the gene being analysed. The aim of the study was to analyse phylogenetic paths of EIV based on M gene with reference to the HA gene.

Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia - correlation between clinical symptoms, hematological parameters and lifespan.

Objective: To compare the hematological parameters and clinical symptoms between Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP) diseased calves dying before and after 14 days of life.

Material And Methods: Clinical observations included 47 calves from dams which underwent a 3-year vaccination program with the inactivated PregSure BVD vaccine. In 25 of these 47 BNP affected calves blood examinations were performed and in 22 dead calves diagnosis was mainly based on post-mortem findings.

First report of bovine viral diarrhoea virus-2 infection in cattle in Poland.

This report describes the first identification in Poland of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)-2 in a dairy herd where severe clinical disease with losses of young animals was observed. The virus was readily cultivated in cell culture and a phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences and secondary structures of the viral genomic 5' untranslated region confirmed virus identity. The economic impact of the infection was significant compared to the previously prevalent BVDV-1 infections confirming that this genotype of BVDV can cause severe sickness in affected herds.

Bulk tank milk somatic cell counts in dairy herds with different bovine viral diarrhoea virus status in Poland.

The aim of the study was to examine the effect of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection on bulk tank milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC). Twenty nine dairy farms supplying milk to a dairy in Eastern Poland were recruited for the study. Bulk milk ELISA and RT-PCR were used to determine the BVDV infection status and the presence of PI animals in the farms.

First detection of Schmallenberg virus in elk (Alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in Białowieża National Park in Poland.

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) RNA was detected in the serum of an elk (Alces alces) calf captured on the outskirts of Białowieża National Park (BNP) in December 2012, and shortly afterwards the calf died of acute bronchopneumonia. Serum samples from 169 animals, including bison, red and fallow deer, originating from eight locations situated in four Polish Provinces, were tested for the presence of SBV-specific antibodies between 2011 and 2013. Although no antibodies were found in samples collected up to July 2012, positive samples subsequently appeared between November 2012 and January 2013 in all of the sampled regions.

Comparison of the performance of five different immunoassays to detect specific antibodies against emerging atypical bovine pestivirus.

Bovine pestiviruses represent a considerably variable group. In addition to the two accepted species BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, a number of atypical bovine pestiviruses have been detected both in foetal calf sera and in field samples. The sera collected during the initial six weeks of experimental infection of calves with atypical pestivirus, BVDV-1 and a combination of both viruses have been examined by routine and new diagnostic tests to validate their robustness and sensitivity.

PRNP and SPRN genes polymorphism in atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases diagnosed in Polish cattle.

Polymorphisms in the coding region of the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been associated with the susceptibility and incubation period of prion diseases in humans and sheep. However, polymorphisms in this part of the bovine PRNP gene do not affect the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) susceptibility in cattle. Studies carried out in Germany have shown that insertion/deletion-type polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the bovine prion gene are possible genetic factors modulating BSE susceptibility by changing the level of PRNP expression.

Kinetics of single and dual infection of calves with an Asian atypical bovine pestivirus and a highly virulent strain of bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1.

Atypical bovine pestiviruses related to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) have recently been detected in cattle from South America, Asia and Europe. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and virological aspects of dual infection with BVDV-1 (Horton 916) and an Asian atypical bovine pestivirus (Th/04_KhonKaen) in naïve calves, in comparison to single infections. Milder clinical signs were observed in the animals infected with single Th/04_KhonKaen strain.

Polymorphism of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in Polish cattle affected by classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

Recent attempts to discover genetic factors affecting cattle resistance/susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have led to the identification of two insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms, located within the promoter and intron 1 of the prion protein gene PRNP, showing a significant association with the occurrence of classical form of the disease. Because the effect of the polymorphisms was studied only in few populations, in this study we investigated whether previously described association of PRNP indel polymorphisms with BSE susceptibility in cattle is also present in Polish cattle population. We found a significant relation between the investigated PRNP indel polymorphisms (23 and 12 bp indels), and susceptibility of Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle to classical BSE (P < 0.

Characterization of PRNP and SPRN coding regions from atypical scrapie cases diagnosed in Poland.

Scrapie, a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) occurs in two phenotypes: classical and atypical. Many authors point out that the polymorphism of three codons (136, 154, 171) of the PRNP (PrP gene) is associated with a sheep susceptibility to classical scrapie. Until now, only one PRNP gene variant coding phenylalanine at codon 141 has been found to be associated with atypical scrapie.

Distribution of a pathological form of prion protein in the brainstem and cerebellum in classical and atypical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy.

This study evaluated the distribution and signal intensity of a prion protein resistant to proteolysis (PrP(res)) in the brainstem and cerebellum of cattle affected with classical and atypical forms of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) using a Western immunoblotting technique. In both classical and atypical cases of BSE, a stronger signal was detected in the more rostral brainstem regions relative to the obex. In classical and H-type cases a significant decrease in the PrP(res) signal was found in the cerebellum when compared to that in the obex, whereas L-type BSE cases were characterised by signals of similar intensity in these regions.

Comparison of mRNA expression levels of selected genes in the brain stem of cattle naturally infected with classical and atypical BSE.

Since 2004 cases of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in older cattle are recorded on the basis of aberrant glycoprofiles of prion protein resistant to proteolysis (PrP(res)). The nature of those types of PrP(res) is still not fully understood but the epidemiological data indicate that their occurrence is rare. Hitherto, most BSE cases were studied on the basis of the features of pathological form of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) or lesions observed in the gray matter of the brain.

Modelling BSE trend over time in Europe, a risk assessment perspective.

BSE is a zoonotic disease that caused the emergence of variant Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease in the mid 1990s. The trend of the BSE epidemic in seven European countries was assessed and compared, using Age-Period-Cohort and Reproduction Ratio modelling applied to surveillance data 2001-2007. A strong decline in BSE risk was observed for all countries that applied control measures during the 1990s, starting at different points in time in the different countries.

Diagnosis of the first cases of scrapie in Poland.

This is the first report of cases of scrapie in Poland. The disease was an atypical phenotype, diagnosed in two aged sheep which were found dead. Brainstem samples from both animals were positive on the applied ELISA rapid test, while the confirmatory immunoblot indicated abnormal banding patterns of protease resistant prion protein (PrP(res)).

Genetic typing of equine influenza virus isolated in Poland in 2005 and 2006.

Two equine influenza virus strains were isolated from horses during the local respiratory disease outbreaks in Poland in 2005 and 2006. The H3 equine influenza viral RNA was amplified directly from the clinical specimens with RT-PCR and HA1 fragments were sequenced. The highest homology of HA1 nucleotide sequences of A/eq/Pulawy/05 with A/eq/Aboyne/1/05 and A/eq/Pulawy/06 with A/eq/Essex/2/05 was found.