Metric and Spectral Insight into Bee-Pollen-to-Bee-Bread Transformation Process.

Due to numerous bioactive constituents, both bee pollen (BP) and bee bread (BB) represent valuable food supplements. The transformation of BP into BB is a complex biochemical in-hive process that enables the preservation of the pollen's nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the depth of the honeycomb cells in which bees store pollen and to provide a spectral insight into the chemical changes that occur during the BP-to-BB transformation process.

Limited population genetic variation but pronounced seascape genetic structuring in populations of the Mediterranean mussel () from the eastern Adriatic Sea.

Population genetic analysis of variation at five neutral microsatellite loci for Mediterranean mussels () from 18 sites along the eastern Adriatic Sea revealed little or no spatial variation. In contrast, seascape genetics analysis revealed a pronounced locus-specific gradient in allelic and genotypic frequencies across the study region. At a sixth locus, MGE7, the frequencies of two alleles, MGE7 and MGE7, were strongly associated, negatively and positively, respectively, with a single environmental variable - minimum salinity (minSAL).

Proteolytic and Lipolytic of Dairy Origin as Meat Functional Starter Cultures.

Research Background: As fermentation is an integral feature of both, dry sausage and cheese production, this has led to the evaluation of bacterial cultures ssp. (LL8307) and (ED0207) originally isolated from artisanal Croatian hard type cheese to diversify the range of flavours of dry fermented sausages and to increase their microbiological safety. Both strains were chosen for their high or medium acidifying, proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity and bioprotective potential after step-by-step selection of wild isolates.

Chemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Properties of Honey Bee ( L.) Venom.

The incidence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become an alarming clinical and social problem. Therefore, the demand for alternative antimicrobial compounds has increased. In this study, a chemical profile of honey bee ( L.

The survival rate and efficiency of non-encapsulated and encapsulated native starter cultures to improve the quality of artisanal game meat sausages.

This study addresses the application of native, multiple strain starter cultures for standardization of game meat sausages production. The designed starter cultures consisting of two indigenous and one strains. These strains were used in both, the encapsulated and non-encapsulated form, in the game meat dough, individually or in combination, with eight treatments in total.

High stocking density alters growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, and hepatic antioxidative capacity in gibel carp (Carassius gibelio).

This study investigated the effect of stocking density on growth performance, blood biochemical profiles, antioxidative capacity, and muscle quality of gibel carp (Carassius gibelio). Gibel carps (initial body weight 57.04 ± 1.

Characterization of macrolide resistance in bacteria isolated from macrolide-polluted and unpolluted river sediments and clinical sources in Croatia.

Environments polluted with excessively high levels of antibiotics released from manufacturing sites can act as a source of transferable antibiotic resistance (AR) genes to human commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate AR of bacteria isolated from the Sava river sediments (Croatia) at the discharge site of effluents from azithromycin production compared to those from the upstream site and isolates collected in Croatian hospitals. A total of 228 environmental strains of azithromycin-resistant bacteria were isolated and identified, with 124 from the discharge site and 104 from the upstream site.

Microbial Key Players Involved in P Turnover Differ in Artificial Soil Mixtures Depending on Clay Mineral Composition.

Nutrient turnover in soils is strongly driven by soil properties, including clay mineral composition. One main nutrient is phosphorus (P), which is known to be easily immobilized in soil. Therefore, the specific surface characteristics of clay minerals might substantially influence P availability in soil and thus the microbial strategies for accessing P pools.

Encapsulation of two fermentation agents, Lactobacillus sakei and calcium ions in microspheres.

Alginate microspheres loaded with two fermentation active agents, calcium cations and strain LS0296 identified as Lactobacillus sakei, have been prepared and characterized. The role of calcium cation is twofold, it acts as gelling cation and as fermentation active agent. Encapsulation and the presence of calcium ions in the same compartment do not inhibit the activity of LS0296.

Sugar transporter genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus): molecular cloning, characterization, and expression in response to different stocking densities.

Glucose and fructose play a central role in the metabolism and cellular homeostasis of organisms. Their absorption is co-mediated by two families of glucose transporters, Na-coupled glucose co-transporters (SGLTs) and facilitative Na-independent sugar carriers (GLUTs), in the intestine. However, limited information has been available on these transporters in fish.

The Influence of Meat Batter Composition and Sausage Diameter on Microbiota and Sensory Traits of Artisanal Wild Boar Meat Sausages.

In this study, the influence of meat batter composition and sausage diameter on the development of microbiota and sensory traits of traditional, spontaneously fermented wild boar meat sausages are evaluated. This research also demonstrates how principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to relate product sensory properties to particular microbial genotype and to select potential starter or adjunct culture. Generally, similar microbiological results were obtained in all types of products.

Characterization of Enterococcal Community Isolated from an Artisan Istrian Raw Milk Cheese: Biotechnological and Safety Aspects.

In this study, prevalence, biotechnological and safety profiles of 588 isolates isolated from raw milk and Istrian cheese during different stages of ripening were analyzed. Despite the low and variable presence of enterococci in milk ((3.65±2.

N2 Gas Flushing Alleviates the Loss of Bacterial Diversity and Inhibits Psychrotrophic Pseudomonas during the Cold Storage of Bovine Raw Milk.

The quality and safety of raw milk still remains a worldwide challenge. Culture-dependent methods indicated that the continuous N2 gas-flushing of raw milk reduced the bacterial growth during cold storage by up to four orders of magnitude, compared to cold storage alone. This study investigated the influence of N2 gas-flushing on bacterial diversity in bovine raw-milk samples, that were either cold stored at 6°C or additionally flushed with pure N2 for up to one week.

Dynamics of bacterial communities during the ripening process of different Croatian cheese types derived from raw ewe's milk cheeses.

Microbial communities play an important role in cheese ripening and determine the flavor and taste of different cheese types to a large extent. However, under adverse conditions human pathogens may colonize cheese samples during ripening and may thus cause severe outbreaks of diarrhoea and other diseases. Therefore in the present study we investigated the bacterial community structure of three raw ewe's milk cheese types, which are produced without the application of starter cultures during ripening from two production sites based on fingerprinting in combination with next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons.

Bacterial communities associated with the production of artisanal Istrian cheese.

In this work we report on the main bacterial microflora typical for fermentation and ripening of traditional Istrian cheese. Samples from milk as well as Istrian cheese were analyzed during the ripening process by using culture independent molecular fingerprinting methods as well as culture based approaches. Our results indicate changes in bacterial diversity pattern during the ripening process.

Influence of temperature and soil water content on bacterial, archaeal and denitrifying microbial communities in drained fen grassland soil microcosms.

In this study, microcosms were used to investigate the influence of temperature (4 and 28 degrees C) and water content (45% and 90% WHC) on microbial communities and activities in carbon-rich fen soil. Bacterial, archaeal and denitrifier community composition was assessed during incubation of microcosms for 12 weeks using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling of 16S rRNA and nitrous oxide reductase (nosZ) genes. In addition, microbial and denitrifier abundance, potential denitrification activity and production of greenhouse gases were measured.

Quantification of functional genes from procaryotes in soil by PCR.

Controlling turnover processes and fluxes in soils and other environments requires information about the gene pool and possibilities for its in situ induction. Therefore in the recent years there has been a growing interest in genes and transcripts coding for metabolic enzymes. Besides questions addressing redundancy and diversity, more and more attention is given on the abundance of specific DNA and mRNA in the different habitats.