In Vitro and In Vivo Antidiabetic, α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activities of Three Brown Algae, , , and , and a Red Alga, from the Persian Gulf.

Background: In recent decades, algae have attracted worldwide attention for their great biological activities, such as antidiabetic and antibacterial properties.

Objectives: We measured antibacterial and α-glucosidase inhibition potential of methanol and 80% methanol extracts of three brown algae species, , , and , and a red alga, , from the Persian Gulf coasts.

Methods: Antibacterial activity of the algal extracts was assessed by broth dilution method against three gram-negative and -positive bacteria, including , , ; , , and , respectively.

Cardiorenal Protections of SGLT2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.

Cardiovascular disease and renal complications raise the risk of death and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a novel class of glucose-lowering drug that increases urine glucose excretion while decreasing blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes patients by inhibiting glucose reabsorption. In the present article, we review the discovery and development of SGLT2i as a new T2D treatment approach for T2D; thereafter, we consider different cell-based methods for the evaluation of SGLT2i.

Controversial Role of Folic Acid on Diabetic Auditory Neuropathy.

Objective: Diabetic auditory neuropathy (DAN) is a common complication of diabetes that seriously affects the quality of life in patients. In this study, we investigate the role of folic acid in the treatment of DAN in an experimental rat model.

Methods: Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups: group 1, normal; group 2, diabetic rats; and groups 3 and 4, diabetic rats treated with folic acid (40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively).

Inhibitory Potential of Six Brown Algae from the Persian Gulf on α-Glucosidase and Antidiabetic Effect of .

Background: Brown algae have gained worldwide attention due to their significant biological activities, such as antidiabetic properties. In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of six brown algae from the Persian Gulf were investigated.

Methods: An experimental study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 to examine the inhibitory effects of six brown algae against the α-glucosidase activity.

Therapeutic Effects of Milk Thistle ( L.) and Artichoke ( L.) on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Rats.

Background: At present, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) does not have an approved pharmacologic therapy. The present study investigated the protective effects and possible mechanisms of milk thistle ( L.) and artichoke ( L.

Mechanical effects of ranolazine on normal and diabetic-isolated rat heart.

Background And Purpose: Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a complication of diabetes defined as cardiac dysfunction without the involvement of pericardial vessels, hypertension, or cardiac valve disorders. Ranolazine, an antianginal drug, acts through blocking of cardiac late sodium channels and/or inhibiting beta-oxidation of fatty acids. With regard to its mechanism of action, the present work has been carried out to investigate the potential useful effects of ranolazine on the systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in an experimental rat model of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Antidiabetic and cytotoxic polyhydroxylated oleanane and ursane type triterpenoids from Salvia grossheimii.

Two polyhydroxylated oleanane and seven ursane triterpenoids were isolated from aerial parts of Salvia grossheimii. The chemical structures of the undescribed triterpenoids (1-6) were characterized using 1 and 2 D NMR and ESI-MS spectral data as; 2α, 3β, 11α -trihydroxy-olean-12- ene (1), 2α, 3β, 11α-trihydroxy-olean-18-ene (2), 2α- acetoxy-urs-12-ene-3β, 11α, 20β-triol (3), 3-keto-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β -triol (4), 2α, 3β-diacetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β -triol (5), and 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene-1β, 11α, 20β -triol (6). All compounds were evaluated for the in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory and cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 human cancer cell line.

Effect of Rutin on Diabetic Auditory Neuropathy in an Experimental Rat Model.

Objectives: Diabetic auditory neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that has a major impact on patients' quality of life. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of rutin in treating diabetic auditory neuropathy in an experimental rat model.

Methods: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: group 1, control; group 2, diabetic rats; and groups 3-5, rats treated with rutin (at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, respectively).

The Therapeutic Role of Carotenoids in Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review.

Background: Carotenoids are a large group of natural pigments that occur in many foods, fruits, and vegetables. Several studies have shown a number of biological properties of carotenoids, particularly beneficial impacts on cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases. However, recent evidence has shown that these compounds could prevent, delay, and ameliorate diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Electrocardiological effects of ranolazine and lidocaine on normal and diabetic rat atrium.

Purpose: Cellular changes occurring in diabetic cardiomyopathy include disturbances of calcium and sodium homeostasis. Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for the initiation of cardiac action potentials, and the excitability would create relevance. The effect of ranolazine as a sodium channel blocker on atrium electromechanical parameters is investigated and compared with lidocaine in streptozocin-treated diabetic rats.

Caffeic Acid Alkyl Amide Derivatives Ameliorate Oxidative Stress and Modulate ERK1/2 and AKT Signaling Pathways in a Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy.

The purpose of this study was to examine the neuroprotective effects of caffeic acid hexyl (CAF6) and dodecyl (CAF12) amide derivatives on the early stage of retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Animals were divided in five groups (n=8/group); one group consisted of non-diabetic rats as control, while the other four were diabetic animals either non-treated or treated with CAF6, CAF12 or resveratrol intravitreally for four weeks. Retinal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and 8-iso-prostaglandin F (iPF ) levels were evaluated by an ELISA assay.

Design, synthesis, and in silico studies of novel eugenyloxy propanol azole derivatives having potent antinociceptive activity and evaluation of their β-adrenoceptor blocking property.

The design, synthesis, antinociceptive and β-adrenoceptor blocking activities of several eugenyloxy propanol azole derivatives have been described. In this synthesis, the reaction of eugenol with epichlorohydrin provided adducts 3 and 4 which were N-alkylated by diverse azoles to obtain the eugenyloxy propanol azole analogues in good yields. Adducts 3 and 4 were also reacted with azide ion to obtain the corresponding azide 6.

The non-preventive effects of human menopausal gonadotropins on ovarian tissues in Nandrolone decanoate-treated female rats: A histochemical and ultra-structural study.

Background: The follicular growth and development may be affected by abused drugs. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) as an anabolic androgenic steroid can damage the morphological and functional features of the ovary and may lead to reproductive failure.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of synchronized and non-synchronized administration of Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (hMG) with ND on ovarian tissue and level of sex hormones in the adult female rat.

Can allopurinol improve retinopathy in diabetic rats? Oxidative stress or uric acid; which one is the culprit?

Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, reduces both plasma uric acid and oxidative stress and shows useful effects on some complications of diabetes. However, it is not defined which of the above mentioned properties are involved. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge no study has been done on the effects of allopurinol on diabetic retinopathy.

Kisspeptin expression features in the arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nuclei of hypothalamus of letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats.

Purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the reproductive system characterized by polycystic ovaries and androgen excess. Letrozole is a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor that is used in experimental research to induce PCOS. Kisspeptin is an essential protein in regulation of cyclicity.

The Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation of Sympathetic Ganglions and Acupuncture Points on Distal Blood Flow.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a widely-practiced method to increase blood flow in clinical practice. The best location for stimulation to achieve optimal blood flow has not yet been determined. We compared the effect of TENS application at sympathetic ganglions and acupuncture points on blood flow in the foot of healthy individuals.

Does metformin improve in vitro maturation and ultrastructure of oocytes retrieved from estradiol valerate polycystic ovary syndrome-induced rats.

Background: Metformin decreases polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) symptoms, induces ovulation, and may improve developmental competence of in vitro oocyte maturation. This study was designed to define the effects of metformin on the characteristics of in vitro oocyte maturation in estradiol valerate (EV) PCOS-induced rats.

Methods: Forty-five adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control; sham and PCOS-induced (treated by a single dose of estradiol valerate, 4 mg/rat, IM) groups.

The effect of pentoxifylline on detrusor muscle contractility after partial urethral obstruction in a rat model.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of pentoxifylline (PTX), a nonspecific type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitor, on contractility of obstructed detrusor muscles.

Methods: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups each containing 20 animals. The control groups included rats with induced BOO which received the solvent of PTX (drinking water), the sham group included rats with intact bladder outlet which received no treatment, and the treatment group was treated with PTX after induction of BOO.

Lactic acidosis treatment by nanomole level of spermidine in an animal model.

Lactic acidosis occurs in a number of clinical conditions, e.g. in surgeries, orthotopic liver transplant, and anesthetic agent administration, which has deleterious effects on the patient's survival.

Effect of ranolazine on cardiac microcirculation in normal and diabetic rats.

Unlabelled: Ranolazine is a new antianginal drug that is postulated to act through blocking of cardiac late sodium channels and improvement in cardiac blood flow. The present study has been carried out to investigate its possible effect on microcirculation of normal and diabetic rats’ cardiac muscle.

Methods: Normal and diabetic rats were anesthetized.

Effect of intradermal injection of heparinase III on skin wound healing in diabetic rats.

Aim: neuropathy and vascular damage in this disease. Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that degrades heparan sulfate in the extracellular matrix and is believed to promote angiogenesis. The present study has been performed to investigate the effect of heparinase III (an enzyme which exclusively cleaves heparan sulfate) on wound healing in diabetic rats.

Modulatory effect of gonadotropins on rats' ovaries after nandrolone decanoate administration: a stereological study.

Background: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) which influences the ovarian structure and function. We assessed the effects of ND on the ovarian volume, number of primordial follicles, and level of hormones and also evaluated the modulatory effects of gonadotropins on the histopathological changes imposed by the administration of ND.

Methods: Six groups of Sprague-Dawley adult female rats (n=30) were used.

Spatial arrangement of the heart structure: Application of second-order stereology in diabetic rats.

Unlabelled: The present study explored three-dimensional spatial arrangements of the cardiomyocytes and microvessels within the heart of rats and evaluated the arrangement for differences after diabetes using second-order stereology. Isector method was applied to obtain isotropic uniform random sections of the heart. The pair correlation g(r) and cross-correlation functions were estimated by counting dipole probes (with length of 3.

Vasorelaxant effect of ranolazine on isolated normal and diabetic rat aorta: a study of possible mechanisms.

Unlabelled: Ranolazine, an antianginal drug, acts through blocking the cardiac late sodium channels and/or inhibition of fatty acids beta-oxidation. While its cardiac action has been studied extensively, few studies have focused on its vascular effects. In the present study, the vasodilatory effect of ranolazine on isolated rat aorta in normal and diabetic rats has been studied.

Stereological study of the diabetic heart of male rats.

The present study aimed to quantitatively compare the normal and diabetic hearts of rats using stereological methods. Diabetic and control rats received streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) and no treatments, respectively. On the 56(th) day, the hearts were removed and their total volume was estimated using isotropic Cavalieri method.