The new INNOVANCE® PFA P2Y cartridge is sensitive to the detection of the P2Y₁₂ receptor inhibition.

Insufficient response on antiplatelet medication has become an intensively discussed issue because of the risk factor of recurrent adverse cardiovascular events. However, the monitoring of antiplatelet therapy requires appropriate, robust and reliable test methods. For the measurement of thienopyridine effects, the manufacturer of the PFA-100® System provides the INNOVANCE® PFA P2Y * cartridge.

Prostacyclin receptor stimulation facilitates detection of human platelet P2Y(12) receptor inhibition by the PFA-100 system.

The rationale for monitoring platelet inhibition by thienopyridines for the identification of patients at risk for future recurrent arterial thrombosis or ischemic events is intensively discussed, as well as which monitoring systems are appropriate, robust and reliable. Flow cytometric measurement of phosphorylated VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein), expressed as platelet reactivity index (PRI), is presently "the gold standard method" for evaluating P2Y(12) receptor inhibition. The PFA-100 system, a commercially available and clinically widely used platelet test system, is based on a different principle, not that of VASP phosphorylation.

Functional cooperation between CREM and GCNF directs gene expression in haploid male germ cells.

Cellular differentiation and development of germ cells critically depend on a coordinated activation and repression of specific genes. The underlying regulation mechanisms, however, still lack a lot of understanding. Here, we describe that both the testis-specific transcriptional activator CREMtau (cAMP response element modulator tau) and the repressor GCNF (germ cell nuclear factor) have an overlapping binding site which alone is sufficient to direct cell type-specific expression in vivo in a heterologous promoter context.

Germ cell nuclear factor relieves cAMP-response element modulator tau-mediated activation of the testis-specific promoter of human mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPDH) is an essential component of the glycerol phosphate shuttle that transfers reduction equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondrion. Within the testis, immunohistological analysis localized human mGPDH to late spermatids and to the midpiece of spermatozoa. The expression of human mGPDH is regulated by two somatic promoters, and here, we describe a third testis-specific promoter of human mGPDH.